Just as 26 letters of the alphabet make up all words in the English
... language, 20 amino acids make up all of the proteins in your body. The structure of a protein is determined by the order of its amino acids. If two amino acids change places, the entire protein changes. The function of a protein depends on its structure. There are at least 100,000 proteins in your b ...
... language, 20 amino acids make up all of the proteins in your body. The structure of a protein is determined by the order of its amino acids. If two amino acids change places, the entire protein changes. The function of a protein depends on its structure. There are at least 100,000 proteins in your b ...
Alternative RNA splicing in latently infected T cells generates
... • During read-through transcription in latently infected T cell lines and primary resting CD4 T cells, chimeric cell:tat RNAs are generated by the usual cellular mechanisms of alternative RNA splicing • An IRES-like element in tat leads to translation of this mRNA in a cap-independent manner and exp ...
... • During read-through transcription in latently infected T cell lines and primary resting CD4 T cells, chimeric cell:tat RNAs are generated by the usual cellular mechanisms of alternative RNA splicing • An IRES-like element in tat leads to translation of this mRNA in a cap-independent manner and exp ...
Levels of Structural Organization Levels of Structural
... • Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes • Exocytosis – moves substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space • Endocytosis – enables large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell • Receptor-mediated transport – uses clathrin-coated pits as the maj ...
... • Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes • Exocytosis – moves substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space • Endocytosis – enables large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell • Receptor-mediated transport – uses clathrin-coated pits as the maj ...
From amino acids to proteins
... Succession of units extending from one Cα carbon to the next Each unit consists of atoms in a single plane Each unit can rotate around the bond connecting it to the Cα carbon The two rotational angles at each carbon are, in principle, independent. In fact, they are not independent ...
... Succession of units extending from one Cα carbon to the next Each unit consists of atoms in a single plane Each unit can rotate around the bond connecting it to the Cα carbon The two rotational angles at each carbon are, in principle, independent. In fact, they are not independent ...
Chemistry of Digestion
... different places on a peptide chain because they have different target amino acid sequences • This is an efficient way to cut a long chain up into many short fragments, and it provides many free ends for the next enzymes to work on. ...
... different places on a peptide chain because they have different target amino acid sequences • This is an efficient way to cut a long chain up into many short fragments, and it provides many free ends for the next enzymes to work on. ...
Diffusion: Allowing Earthworms to Breathe
... Oxygen is an example of a small, non-polar and lipid soluble molecule that can pass through the cell’s plasma membrane. Oxygen is small enough to pass through the membrane without any facilitation by proteins, it is non-polar and it is able to dissolve in the inner lipid layer. Earthworms – as well ...
... Oxygen is an example of a small, non-polar and lipid soluble molecule that can pass through the cell’s plasma membrane. Oxygen is small enough to pass through the membrane without any facilitation by proteins, it is non-polar and it is able to dissolve in the inner lipid layer. Earthworms – as well ...
3 - Dr. Jerry Cronin
... (e) Intercellular joining Membrane proteins of adjacent cells may be hooked together in various kinds of intercellular junctions. Some membrane proteins (CAMs) of this group provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell-to-cell interactions. CAMs ...
... (e) Intercellular joining Membrane proteins of adjacent cells may be hooked together in various kinds of intercellular junctions. Some membrane proteins (CAMs) of this group provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell-to-cell interactions. CAMs ...
Cells
... achieving homeostasis, including active and passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis, endocytosis – Identify functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids – Compare reactions of plant and animal cells in isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions ...
... achieving homeostasis, including active and passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis, endocytosis – Identify functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids – Compare reactions of plant and animal cells in isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions ...
Tetracyclines
... Synergism with tylosin in pasteurella Rx Comb. With polymixins incr. their efficacy. ...
... Synergism with tylosin in pasteurella Rx Comb. With polymixins incr. their efficacy. ...
ENGINEERING PROTEINS
... Codons are the different combinations of triplet codes that define a particular amino acid. Anti-codons allow tRNA molecules to recognise and bind onto the codons on mRNA, e.g. G & C recognise one another and so do U & A. The two mirror image forms of an enantiomer – one rotates plane polarised ligh ...
... Codons are the different combinations of triplet codes that define a particular amino acid. Anti-codons allow tRNA molecules to recognise and bind onto the codons on mRNA, e.g. G & C recognise one another and so do U & A. The two mirror image forms of an enantiomer – one rotates plane polarised ligh ...
Daily Trivia - James B. Conant High School
... How does the zipper get unzipped in DNA replication? What does the work in getting the amino acids to the worker? ...
... How does the zipper get unzipped in DNA replication? What does the work in getting the amino acids to the worker? ...
AP Biology- The Cell / Plasma Membrane and Cellular
... 2. Size 3. Charge 4. Presence of channels and transporters Also known as the Fluid Mosaic Model - a membrane that is a fluid (can move easily) structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins and carbohydrates embedded in it. o Phospholipids are made up of polar glycerol and phosphate hydrophilic ...
... 2. Size 3. Charge 4. Presence of channels and transporters Also known as the Fluid Mosaic Model - a membrane that is a fluid (can move easily) structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins and carbohydrates embedded in it. o Phospholipids are made up of polar glycerol and phosphate hydrophilic ...
What is a Cell? All living things are made up of cells. Each of us has
... Cells are the units which all organisms are made from. Different cells do different things. Some organisms consist of only one cell, like amoeba, or bacteria. Other, more complex organisms, are made up of lots of different types of cells. For example, muscle cells are long and fat and work together ...
... Cells are the units which all organisms are made from. Different cells do different things. Some organisms consist of only one cell, like amoeba, or bacteria. Other, more complex organisms, are made up of lots of different types of cells. For example, muscle cells are long and fat and work together ...
Test one
... Example 2: Many receptors Transmits signals from extracellular environment into cell ...
... Example 2: Many receptors Transmits signals from extracellular environment into cell ...
Week 1 - El Camino College
... • Atoms form bonds to fill the outer shell with electrons. • When atoms bond with other atoms, molecules are formed. • When atoms of different elements bond, a compound is formed. • Two types of bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. ...
... • Atoms form bonds to fill the outer shell with electrons. • When atoms bond with other atoms, molecules are formed. • When atoms of different elements bond, a compound is formed. • Two types of bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. ...
Membrane Transport
... • Active transport – Primary active transport—uses ATP – Secondary active transport—uses a different energy source – Pumps things UP a conc. gradient ...
... • Active transport – Primary active transport—uses ATP – Secondary active transport—uses a different energy source – Pumps things UP a conc. gradient ...
Biology Review Answers
... Due to the fact that they are highly charged molecules (and “hate” the nonpolar cell membrane and can’t pass through it) and are trying to move against a concentration gradient (from low high), sodium and potassium ions require a protein and energy to move across the cell membrane. Glucose is ...
... Due to the fact that they are highly charged molecules (and “hate” the nonpolar cell membrane and can’t pass through it) and are trying to move against a concentration gradient (from low high), sodium and potassium ions require a protein and energy to move across the cell membrane. Glucose is ...
Macromolecules Review worksheet
... Macromolecules Review Worksheet Part A. Classify each as a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid. ...
... Macromolecules Review Worksheet Part A. Classify each as a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid. ...
Modified from Carley Karsten Lecture 8
... a. primary: amino acid sequence. determined by covalent (peptide) bonds between amino acids. b. secondary: coils and folds. determined by hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxy groups in the backbone. c. tertiary: complex folding. determined by all kinds of bonding between any of the different R g ...
... a. primary: amino acid sequence. determined by covalent (peptide) bonds between amino acids. b. secondary: coils and folds. determined by hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxy groups in the backbone. c. tertiary: complex folding. determined by all kinds of bonding between any of the different R g ...
Ch 2 BS Chemistry of Living things
... Smallest piece of an element Made up of subatomic particles ...
... Smallest piece of an element Made up of subatomic particles ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Exocytosis and Endocytosis
... becomes well placed to regulate granule fusion, perhaps by a direct effect on the fusion machinery. Other investigators have shown a preferential release of the docked granule pool containing insulin–GFP in MIN6 β-cells [32], and have furthermore shown that this exocytosis could be inhibited by intr ...
... becomes well placed to regulate granule fusion, perhaps by a direct effect on the fusion machinery. Other investigators have shown a preferential release of the docked granule pool containing insulin–GFP in MIN6 β-cells [32], and have furthermore shown that this exocytosis could be inhibited by intr ...
Cell, Mitosis and Cell Membrane Transport
... Each phospholipid has a polar (hydrophilic) head and non-polar (hydrophobic) tails. In the double layer the tails face each other forming a hydrophobic barrier which keeps water dissolved contents inside. Proteins may be Intrinsic – embedded in the lipid double layer and Extrinsic associated outside ...
... Each phospholipid has a polar (hydrophilic) head and non-polar (hydrophobic) tails. In the double layer the tails face each other forming a hydrophobic barrier which keeps water dissolved contents inside. Proteins may be Intrinsic – embedded in the lipid double layer and Extrinsic associated outside ...
Cell-penetrating peptide
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that facilitate cellular uptake of various molecular cargo (from nanosize particles to small chemical molecules and large fragments of DNA). The ""cargo"" is associated with the peptides either through chemical linkage via covalent bonds or through non-covalent interactions. The function of the CPPs are to deliver the cargo into cells, a process that commonly occurs through endocytosis with the cargo delivered to the endosomes of living mammalian cells.CPPs hold great potential as in vitro and in vivo delivery vectors for use in research and medicine. Current use is limited by a lack of cell specificity in CPP-mediated cargo delivery and insufficient understanding of the modes of their uptake.CPPs typically have an amino acid composition that either contains a high relative abundance of positively charged amino acids such as lysine or arginine or has sequences that contain an alternating pattern of polar/charged amino acids and non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids. These two types of structures are referred to as polycationic or amphipathic, respectively. A third class of CPPs are the hydrophobic peptides, containing only apolar residues, with low net chargeor have hydrophobic amino acid groups that are crucial for cellular uptake.The first CPP was discovered independently by two laboratories in 1988, when it was found that the trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT) from human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) could be efficiently taken up from the surrounding media by numerous cell types in culture. Since then, the number of known CPPs has expanded considerably and small molecule synthetic analogues with more effective protein transduction properties have been generated.