population_genetics_and_human_evolution_final
... DNA is then extracted from the cell nucleus by addition of chemicals which break the cells open. The DNA is then isolated from other components of the cell DNA Copying Since only small amount of DNA is extracted for forensic analysis, the short tandem repeats in every genetic locus are amplified usi ...
... DNA is then extracted from the cell nucleus by addition of chemicals which break the cells open. The DNA is then isolated from other components of the cell DNA Copying Since only small amount of DNA is extracted for forensic analysis, the short tandem repeats in every genetic locus are amplified usi ...
PowerPoint
... MS-LS1-3 Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the conceptual understanding that cells form tissues and tissues form organs specialized for particular body functions. Examples co ...
... MS-LS1-3 Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the conceptual understanding that cells form tissues and tissues form organs specialized for particular body functions. Examples co ...
25L-Mutations - Doral Academy Preparatory
... enzyme in a cell is to allow the cell to carry out chemical reactions very quickly. These reactions allow the cell to ________ things or take things apart as needed. Types of Mutations Hereditary mutations are passed from parent to child. They are present in the _____________ and ____________ cells ...
... enzyme in a cell is to allow the cell to carry out chemical reactions very quickly. These reactions allow the cell to ________ things or take things apart as needed. Types of Mutations Hereditary mutations are passed from parent to child. They are present in the _____________ and ____________ cells ...
Multiple Choice Review 2
... are less stable than double-stranded regions of DNA. can be observed in the laboratory, but probably have no biological relevance. can form between two self-complementary regions of the same single strand of RNA. do not occur. have the two strands arranged in parallel (unlike those of DNA, which are ...
... are less stable than double-stranded regions of DNA. can be observed in the laboratory, but probably have no biological relevance. can form between two self-complementary regions of the same single strand of RNA. do not occur. have the two strands arranged in parallel (unlike those of DNA, which are ...
Proteins & Nucleic Acids - St. Mary Catholic Secondary School
... Ladder shape – Rails - A series of alternating phosphates and sugars linked by covalent bonds known as phosphodiester bonds. Rungs of the ladder are made of the nitrogenous bases and their hydrogen bonds. The nitrogenous bases involved with DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. The adenine ...
... Ladder shape – Rails - A series of alternating phosphates and sugars linked by covalent bonds known as phosphodiester bonds. Rungs of the ladder are made of the nitrogenous bases and their hydrogen bonds. The nitrogenous bases involved with DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. The adenine ...
Name
... there is quite enough for each amino acid to have its own “word” to stand for it. b-If you discovered a planet whose residents had 2-base codons, what is the maximum number of amino acids they could use? (Forget about stop codons for now.) ______ c-Let’s say these aliens had only 2-base codons, but ...
... there is quite enough for each amino acid to have its own “word” to stand for it. b-If you discovered a planet whose residents had 2-base codons, what is the maximum number of amino acids they could use? (Forget about stop codons for now.) ______ c-Let’s say these aliens had only 2-base codons, but ...
Introduction to DNA Computing
... • Each strand of the helix must be copied in complementary fashion by DNA polymerase • Each strand is a template for copying • DNA polymerase requires template and primer • Primer: an oligonucleotide that pairs with the end of the template molecule to form dsDNA • DNA polymerases add nucleotides in ...
... • Each strand of the helix must be copied in complementary fashion by DNA polymerase • Each strand is a template for copying • DNA polymerase requires template and primer • Primer: an oligonucleotide that pairs with the end of the template molecule to form dsDNA • DNA polymerases add nucleotides in ...
Ch. 11 - Gene Action and protein synthesis
... Genes are made up of different regions: – Coding region – part that contains information for producing the protein – Flanking regions – the regions before (upstream) and after (downstream) the coding region ...
... Genes are made up of different regions: – Coding region – part that contains information for producing the protein – Flanking regions – the regions before (upstream) and after (downstream) the coding region ...
DNA Review
... • More alleles the marker has – more variation is possible between any two people ...
... • More alleles the marker has – more variation is possible between any two people ...
lec3
... transcriptional activator proteins; recent work demonstrated that also interacts with some DNA sequences b) Holoenzyme = core + factor (recognizes the promoter) c) factors – Initially, people thought that there was only one factor that functioned to direct RNAP to the promoters of genes. La ...
... transcriptional activator proteins; recent work demonstrated that also interacts with some DNA sequences b) Holoenzyme = core + factor (recognizes the promoter) c) factors – Initially, people thought that there was only one factor that functioned to direct RNAP to the promoters of genes. La ...
File - Intermediate School Biology
... 4. (a) Shields the –ve DNA from the +ve proteins causing the DNA to clump. (b) Inactivates any enzymes not denatured.(c) removes cellular debris ( cell walls and membranes) (d) removes the protein associated with DNA. (e) DNA is insoluble in ice cold ethanol and comes out of solution 5. (i) DNA is i ...
... 4. (a) Shields the –ve DNA from the +ve proteins causing the DNA to clump. (b) Inactivates any enzymes not denatured.(c) removes cellular debris ( cell walls and membranes) (d) removes the protein associated with DNA. (e) DNA is insoluble in ice cold ethanol and comes out of solution 5. (i) DNA is i ...
Vocabulary:
... DNA bases: When you read a book, the order of the 26 letters of our alphabet forms words and sentences that help you understand the author’s meaning. The alphabet of your DNA only has 4 letters ...
... DNA bases: When you read a book, the order of the 26 letters of our alphabet forms words and sentences that help you understand the author’s meaning. The alphabet of your DNA only has 4 letters ...
DNA Technology
... They vary in their phenotypic consequences depending on how protein activity is affected. Germ-line mutations are passed on to offspring (raw material for evolution) Somatic-line mutations only affect that organism, but will not be passed on to other generations. ...
... They vary in their phenotypic consequences depending on how protein activity is affected. Germ-line mutations are passed on to offspring (raw material for evolution) Somatic-line mutations only affect that organism, but will not be passed on to other generations. ...
Cellular Metabolism
... sugar molecules into chains forming glycogen Triglycerides in adipose cells Proteins from amino acids ...
... sugar molecules into chains forming glycogen Triglycerides in adipose cells Proteins from amino acids ...
Random-priming in vitro recombination: an effective tool for directed evolution ,
... in clone C6 (see Fig. 2). The direction of mutation, however, is clearly non-random: A changes more often to G than to T or C. Transitions (in particular T→C and A→G) occur more often than transversions. One G→C, one C→G and one C→A transversion were found within the 10 sequenced clones. These mutat ...
... in clone C6 (see Fig. 2). The direction of mutation, however, is clearly non-random: A changes more often to G than to T or C. Transitions (in particular T→C and A→G) occur more often than transversions. One G→C, one C→G and one C→A transversion were found within the 10 sequenced clones. These mutat ...
three possibile models for replication
... 16) They can cause the release of digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes from lysosomes, which break down the host cell and eventually kill it 17) They can cause infected cells to produce toxins that lead to disease symptoms 18) Vaccines = harmless derivatives of viruses that stimulate the immune system to ...
... 16) They can cause the release of digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes from lysosomes, which break down the host cell and eventually kill it 17) They can cause infected cells to produce toxins that lead to disease symptoms 18) Vaccines = harmless derivatives of viruses that stimulate the immune system to ...
Amino Acids
... • If temp rises above this DENATURATION occurs • Denaturation = enzyme changes shape substrate cannot fit with active site REACTION DOES NOT HAPPEN ...
... • If temp rises above this DENATURATION occurs • Denaturation = enzyme changes shape substrate cannot fit with active site REACTION DOES NOT HAPPEN ...
Study Guide 2—Chemical Principles 1. Understand, define and be
... hydrogen bond, molecular weight, mole, endergonic reaction, exergonic reaction, synthesis reaction, anabolism, condensation (dehydration) synthesis reaction, decomposition reaction, catabolism, hydrolysis reaction, exchange reaction, organic compound, inorganic compound, polar molecule, solvent, sol ...
... hydrogen bond, molecular weight, mole, endergonic reaction, exergonic reaction, synthesis reaction, anabolism, condensation (dehydration) synthesis reaction, decomposition reaction, catabolism, hydrolysis reaction, exchange reaction, organic compound, inorganic compound, polar molecule, solvent, sol ...
Nucleotide drug targets
... for cancers. AZT, dideoxycytidine and dideoxyinosine are used in HIV therapy because the AIDS virus, as an RNA virus, requires reverse transcriptase (present in the virus and injected into the host cell on infection) to convert its RNA genome to DNA. Reverse transcriptase has a higher affinity for t ...
... for cancers. AZT, dideoxycytidine and dideoxyinosine are used in HIV therapy because the AIDS virus, as an RNA virus, requires reverse transcriptase (present in the virus and injected into the host cell on infection) to convert its RNA genome to DNA. Reverse transcriptase has a higher affinity for t ...
Deoxyribozyme
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Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.