Prokaryotic Gene Expression Mechanisms RNA Types of RNA Other
... repressor for lacO to 2 x 1010, but the affinity for random DNA sequences remains the same. So the specificity of repressor for lacO drops 3 orders of magnitude (or 1000-fold). Under these conditions, you can calculate that less than 3% of the lacO sites should have repressor bound to them (when IPT ...
... repressor for lacO to 2 x 1010, but the affinity for random DNA sequences remains the same. So the specificity of repressor for lacO drops 3 orders of magnitude (or 1000-fold). Under these conditions, you can calculate that less than 3% of the lacO sites should have repressor bound to them (when IPT ...
Powerpoint notes for chapter 17
... Some amino acids (AA) are coded for by more than one codon, while others, only by one Each set of 3 amino acids is called a reading frame ...
... Some amino acids (AA) are coded for by more than one codon, while others, only by one Each set of 3 amino acids is called a reading frame ...
Cell Cycle, DNA, and Protein Synthesis
... Controlling the Cell Cycle • The cell cycle is driven by a ______________________________ telling the cell when to turn on and off cell division – ___________signals – cell senses the presence of __________ produced within the cell – _____________ signals – cell senses the presence of chemicals (suc ...
... Controlling the Cell Cycle • The cell cycle is driven by a ______________________________ telling the cell when to turn on and off cell division – ___________signals – cell senses the presence of __________ produced within the cell – _____________ signals – cell senses the presence of chemicals (suc ...
DNA - the Genomics Lab at UMK
... • The results may be visualized through a variety of ways depending on the label used. Most result in the revelation of bands representing the sizes of the RNA detected in sample. • The intensity of these bands is related to the amount of the target RNA in the samples analyzed. • It is used to study ...
... • The results may be visualized through a variety of ways depending on the label used. Most result in the revelation of bands representing the sizes of the RNA detected in sample. • The intensity of these bands is related to the amount of the target RNA in the samples analyzed. • It is used to study ...
Notes Biotechnology Chpt 20
... gene now and later mtDNA) • Restriction Enzyme Digest – use of enzymes to cut DNA (plasmid mapping and taster gene) • Gel electrophoresis – used to separate different sizes of DNA fragments (plasmid mapping, taster gene, and later mtDNA) • Sequencing – determine exact base sequence of a section of D ...
... gene now and later mtDNA) • Restriction Enzyme Digest – use of enzymes to cut DNA (plasmid mapping and taster gene) • Gel electrophoresis – used to separate different sizes of DNA fragments (plasmid mapping, taster gene, and later mtDNA) • Sequencing – determine exact base sequence of a section of D ...
Genetics Study Guide Final Exam
... Genetics Final Exam Study Guide Molecular Genetics Information flow in molecular genetics (sequence relationship between DNA, RNA and protein), Open Reading Frame and how to use the genetic code Mutations -- missense (conservative, non-conservative), nonsense, silent and frame-shift, Loss-of-functio ...
... Genetics Final Exam Study Guide Molecular Genetics Information flow in molecular genetics (sequence relationship between DNA, RNA and protein), Open Reading Frame and how to use the genetic code Mutations -- missense (conservative, non-conservative), nonsense, silent and frame-shift, Loss-of-functio ...
Mutation: The Source of Genetic Variation
... Base analogs structurally resemble nucleotides and are incorporated into DNA or RNA during synthesis (causes insertion of G rather than A so that an A/T base pair is converted to a G/C in the helix Chemical modifiers directly change the bases in DNA, Nitrous acid changes cytosine into uracil, re ...
... Base analogs structurally resemble nucleotides and are incorporated into DNA or RNA during synthesis (causes insertion of G rather than A so that an A/T base pair is converted to a G/C in the helix Chemical modifiers directly change the bases in DNA, Nitrous acid changes cytosine into uracil, re ...
CHAPTER 6
... databases for related genes of interest Alignments between the query sequence and any given database sequence, allowing for mismatches and gaps, indicate their degree of similarity The structure, function, and evolution of a gene may be determined by such comparisons ...
... databases for related genes of interest Alignments between the query sequence and any given database sequence, allowing for mismatches and gaps, indicate their degree of similarity The structure, function, and evolution of a gene may be determined by such comparisons ...
Mutation Lab
... is single stranded (one half of the ladder). At the ribosome, another type of RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the growing amino acid chain at the ribosome. BUT, sometimes there are problems with the DNA molecule that result in a change ...
... is single stranded (one half of the ladder). At the ribosome, another type of RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the growing amino acid chain at the ribosome. BUT, sometimes there are problems with the DNA molecule that result in a change ...
Review: Genetics
... those same desired traits by genetic engineering (Cell Transformation) • Gene therapy is a form of genetic engineering that inserts a normal allele into a virus that attacks a target cell and inserts the normal allele into the body. Cloning is the process of making a new identical copy of an organis ...
... those same desired traits by genetic engineering (Cell Transformation) • Gene therapy is a form of genetic engineering that inserts a normal allele into a virus that attacks a target cell and inserts the normal allele into the body. Cloning is the process of making a new identical copy of an organis ...
DNA Mutation
... – If mutation is at the same site, the original sequence can be returned, an effect known as back mutation – Intragenic suppression can occur and this occurs when a second mutation in the same gene masks the occurrence of the original mutation without actually restoring the original sequence. The ne ...
... – If mutation is at the same site, the original sequence can be returned, an effect known as back mutation – Intragenic suppression can occur and this occurs when a second mutation in the same gene masks the occurrence of the original mutation without actually restoring the original sequence. The ne ...
L26_ABPG2014
... from a distance, without any proteins or other biological molecules aiding the process, according to new research. This discovery could explain how similar genes find each other and group together in order to perform key processes involved in the evolution of species. •Although the capacity for sing ...
... from a distance, without any proteins or other biological molecules aiding the process, according to new research. This discovery could explain how similar genes find each other and group together in order to perform key processes involved in the evolution of species. •Although the capacity for sing ...
List of formulas
... Mutations if fr(A a) = and fr(a A) = then q = pq equilibrium q: q̂ = (+) Mutations+ Selection for the dominant phenotype: ...
... Mutations if fr(A a) = and fr(a A) = then q = pq equilibrium q: q̂ = (+) Mutations+ Selection for the dominant phenotype: ...
What is DNA, and How is it Used in Today’s Society?
... – Occurs at ribosomes (in rough ER or cytoplasm) – t-RNA, bound to amino acids, associates with ribosome – Order of amino acids determined by GENETIC CODE: m-RNA codons (base triplets) bind to anticodons of t-RNAs; amino acids join (peptide bonds) to form ...
... – Occurs at ribosomes (in rough ER or cytoplasm) – t-RNA, bound to amino acids, associates with ribosome – Order of amino acids determined by GENETIC CODE: m-RNA codons (base triplets) bind to anticodons of t-RNAs; amino acids join (peptide bonds) to form ...
TE content correlates positively with genome size
... • cDNA synthesis and insertion of the new copy into chromosomal DNA occurs simultaneously, by TPRT (target-primed reverse transcription) • newly-inserted elements typically have a polyA tail and target-site ...
... • cDNA synthesis and insertion of the new copy into chromosomal DNA occurs simultaneously, by TPRT (target-primed reverse transcription) • newly-inserted elements typically have a polyA tail and target-site ...
Chromosome Contact Matrices
... We can use biochemical protocol to identify contacts between different DNA fragments This gives us a large square, symmetric, positive matrix, where each entry describes the number of observed contacts between fragments i and j Sexton et al, 2012 ...
... We can use biochemical protocol to identify contacts between different DNA fragments This gives us a large square, symmetric, positive matrix, where each entry describes the number of observed contacts between fragments i and j Sexton et al, 2012 ...
What Is the Genetic Code? 1. Explain, in general terms, how the
... Be able to use the codon table to construct the genetic code for a polypeptide chain (assuming you are given the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide). ...
... Be able to use the codon table to construct the genetic code for a polypeptide chain (assuming you are given the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide). ...
Can "Natural Selection" - Prophets or Evolution?
... What does it mean that natural selection will "preserve" the most superior DNA from among the ten "child species?" There are no "child species" to "select" from unless you assume the theory of evolution is true!!! Evolution must be FIRST, then and only then can Natural Selection eliminate the infer ...
... What does it mean that natural selection will "preserve" the most superior DNA from among the ten "child species?" There are no "child species" to "select" from unless you assume the theory of evolution is true!!! Evolution must be FIRST, then and only then can Natural Selection eliminate the infer ...
Cells and DNA
... • The rungs of the DNA ladder are always of uniform length because in each case one base is a double-ringed purine and the other is a single-ringed pyrimidine ...
... • The rungs of the DNA ladder are always of uniform length because in each case one base is a double-ringed purine and the other is a single-ringed pyrimidine ...
Biol 178 Lecture 13
... Why is ATP not used as a long-term energy storage molecule? Too unstable - cells continually produce ATP for immediate use. ...
... Why is ATP not used as a long-term energy storage molecule? Too unstable - cells continually produce ATP for immediate use. ...
Deoxyribozyme
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Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.