Capturing the superorganism: a formal theory of group
... nonoverlapping generations and no class structure at the point of census in every generation. Individuals may separate into distinct classes after the census; so, our model does allow for reproductive specialization and other forms of division of labour. Each social group is arbitrarily assigned a u ...
... nonoverlapping generations and no class structure at the point of census in every generation. Individuals may separate into distinct classes after the census; so, our model does allow for reproductive specialization and other forms of division of labour. Each social group is arbitrarily assigned a u ...
Capturing the superorganism: a formal theory of group adaptation
... nonoverlapping generations and no class structure at the point of census in every generation. Individuals may separate into distinct classes after the census; so, our model does allow for reproductive specialization and other forms of division of labour. Each social group is arbitrarily assigned a u ...
... nonoverlapping generations and no class structure at the point of census in every generation. Individuals may separate into distinct classes after the census; so, our model does allow for reproductive specialization and other forms of division of labour. Each social group is arbitrarily assigned a u ...
role of aldehyde oxidase and keto
... patho-phsyiological modulation of testosterone hormone levels and have implications for gender specificity and there appears to be a feedback interaction between the synthesis of the hormone and the two enzymes. Conclusion: This study suggests that the carbonyl containing metabolite aldehyde is impo ...
... patho-phsyiological modulation of testosterone hormone levels and have implications for gender specificity and there appears to be a feedback interaction between the synthesis of the hormone and the two enzymes. Conclusion: This study suggests that the carbonyl containing metabolite aldehyde is impo ...
Origin and evolution of the slime molds (Mycetozoa)
... screening of whole colonies using M13 primers (19). For each amplification product, a minimum of five clones were further screened by partial sequencing (20). Final sequencing was done on an Applied Biosystems andyor Licor automatic sequencer. Both DNA strands were sequenced in their entirety, and a ...
... screening of whole colonies using M13 primers (19). For each amplification product, a minimum of five clones were further screened by partial sequencing (20). Final sequencing was done on an Applied Biosystems andyor Licor automatic sequencer. Both DNA strands were sequenced in their entirety, and a ...
Regulation of Gene Expression
... • Function: It is the binding site for CTF1 (CAATbinding transcription factor) and C/EBP. The DNA-binding domain of TF1 is rich in basic Aas, and most likely it is in the alpha-helical conformation. C/EBP binds to DNA in a dimer known as leucine zipper. • Eukaryotes frequently have CAAT boxes, a str ...
... • Function: It is the binding site for CTF1 (CAATbinding transcription factor) and C/EBP. The DNA-binding domain of TF1 is rich in basic Aas, and most likely it is in the alpha-helical conformation. C/EBP binds to DNA in a dimer known as leucine zipper. • Eukaryotes frequently have CAAT boxes, a str ...
My PP Genetics
... The two strands of DNA separate. One strand serves as a template for constructing the RNA transcript. – mRNA – messenger RNA RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). RNA polymerase adds the free nucleotides to the growing RNA molecule. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pears ...
... The two strands of DNA separate. One strand serves as a template for constructing the RNA transcript. – mRNA – messenger RNA RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). RNA polymerase adds the free nucleotides to the growing RNA molecule. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pears ...
Maintenance of DNA Methylation during the Arabidopsis Life Cycle
... wild-type accession Col allows the distinction of the Col FIS2 transcript from the FIS2 transcript in accession C24. Only the FIS2 maternal allele is expressed in developing seeds. By contrast, MINI3 is expressed from both parental alleles. (B) Allele-specific RT-PCR on RNAs extracted from siliques ...
... wild-type accession Col allows the distinction of the Col FIS2 transcript from the FIS2 transcript in accession C24. Only the FIS2 maternal allele is expressed in developing seeds. By contrast, MINI3 is expressed from both parental alleles. (B) Allele-specific RT-PCR on RNAs extracted from siliques ...
Evolutionary history of the genus Capra
... The systematics of the genus Capra remain controversial in spite of studies conducted using morphology, mtDNA, and allozymes. Here, we assess the evolutionary history of Capra (i) using phylogenetic analysis of two nuclear genes located on the Y-chromosome and (ii) previously published and new cytoc ...
... The systematics of the genus Capra remain controversial in spite of studies conducted using morphology, mtDNA, and allozymes. Here, we assess the evolutionary history of Capra (i) using phylogenetic analysis of two nuclear genes located on the Y-chromosome and (ii) previously published and new cytoc ...
File
... beneficial variations. Some negatively disrupt gene function. Many if not most mutations are neutral; they have little or no effect on the expression of genes or the function of the proteins for which they code. Whether a mutation is negative or beneficial depends on how its DNA changes relative to ...
... beneficial variations. Some negatively disrupt gene function. Many if not most mutations are neutral; they have little or no effect on the expression of genes or the function of the proteins for which they code. Whether a mutation is negative or beneficial depends on how its DNA changes relative to ...
this lecture as PDF here
... phage DNA or RNA is stored) and tunnel tails, the tips of which have the ability to bind to specific molecules on the surface of their target bacteria. The viral DNA is then injected through the tail into the host cell, where it directs the production of progeny phages often over a hundred in half a ...
... phage DNA or RNA is stored) and tunnel tails, the tips of which have the ability to bind to specific molecules on the surface of their target bacteria. The viral DNA is then injected through the tail into the host cell, where it directs the production of progeny phages often over a hundred in half a ...
The arbitrariness of the genetic code Author
... synthesis. Many biologists and philosophers suggest that it is arbitrary that a particular codon specifies one particular amino acid rather than a different one (e.g., Monod 1971; Maynard Smith 2000a; Godfrey-Smith 2000a; Sarkar 2000; Sterelny 2000). The only generally accepted sense of ‘arbitrary’ ...
... synthesis. Many biologists and philosophers suggest that it is arbitrary that a particular codon specifies one particular amino acid rather than a different one (e.g., Monod 1971; Maynard Smith 2000a; Godfrey-Smith 2000a; Sarkar 2000; Sterelny 2000). The only generally accepted sense of ‘arbitrary’ ...
AS Biology Contents Guide
... Guide to the cells found in the retina How rod cells and cone cells produce impulses Sorting statements about cone and rod cells ...
... Guide to the cells found in the retina How rod cells and cone cells produce impulses Sorting statements about cone and rod cells ...
Fatty acid
... • Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers • The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for water • Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds • The most biologically important lip ...
... • Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers • The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for water • Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds • The most biologically important lip ...
CH # 13-3
... The effects of mutations on genes vary widely. Some have little or no effect; and some produce beneficial variations. Some negatively disrupt gene function. Whether a mutation is negative or beneficial depends on how its DNA changes relative to the organism’s situation. Mutations are often thought o ...
... The effects of mutations on genes vary widely. Some have little or no effect; and some produce beneficial variations. Some negatively disrupt gene function. Whether a mutation is negative or beneficial depends on how its DNA changes relative to the organism’s situation. Mutations are often thought o ...
Mutations
... The effects of mutations on genes vary widely. Some have little or no effect; and some produce beneficial variations. Some negatively disrupt gene function. Whether a mutation is negative or beneficial depends on how its DNA changes relative to the organism’s situation. Mutations are often thought o ...
... The effects of mutations on genes vary widely. Some have little or no effect; and some produce beneficial variations. Some negatively disrupt gene function. Whether a mutation is negative or beneficial depends on how its DNA changes relative to the organism’s situation. Mutations are often thought o ...
1 Evolution is an ongoing process. 2 Darwin journeyed to a new
... genetic change in the population of fruit flies living in the cage. Every fly in the generation 60 population, even the fly with the worst starvation resistance, is still more than seven times better at resisting starvation than the best fly in the original population. This evolution is the result o ...
... genetic change in the population of fruit flies living in the cage. Every fly in the generation 60 population, even the fly with the worst starvation resistance, is still more than seven times better at resisting starvation than the best fly in the original population. This evolution is the result o ...
Document
... Uses of modification-specific histone antibodies 2c. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay • can be coupled to gene activation procedures to look at changes in histonemodifications or transcription factor binding to specific genes before and after transcription activation • can also be used in ...
... Uses of modification-specific histone antibodies 2c. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay • can be coupled to gene activation procedures to look at changes in histonemodifications or transcription factor binding to specific genes before and after transcription activation • can also be used in ...
Definition
... Vinegar is capable of preventing growth of certain microbes, and therefore, vinegar can be used successfully for food preservation. The discoveries and benefits of these observations led people to work on further improvement of the process. Fermentation was a powerful tool to improve their living co ...
... Vinegar is capable of preventing growth of certain microbes, and therefore, vinegar can be used successfully for food preservation. The discoveries and benefits of these observations led people to work on further improvement of the process. Fermentation was a powerful tool to improve their living co ...
CBSE XII BIO QS with key(2009-2015)
... the seed coat provides protection to the embryo generate genetic variation remain viable for a considerable period of time.(any two) =1x2 State what is apomixis? Comment on its significance. How can it be commercially used? (2015) Form of asexual reproduction producing seeds without fertilization/ t ...
... the seed coat provides protection to the embryo generate genetic variation remain viable for a considerable period of time.(any two) =1x2 State what is apomixis? Comment on its significance. How can it be commercially used? (2015) Form of asexual reproduction producing seeds without fertilization/ t ...
Article A Distinct Mitochondrial Genome with DUI
... The doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) system, described in more than 40 bivalve species, constitutes an exception to the commonly accepted rule of maternal mtDNA inheritance in animals. It is characterized by the existence of two distinct sex-associated mitochondrial genomes: The female (F-) mtDN ...
... The doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) system, described in more than 40 bivalve species, constitutes an exception to the commonly accepted rule of maternal mtDNA inheritance in animals. It is characterized by the existence of two distinct sex-associated mitochondrial genomes: The female (F-) mtDN ...
ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH
... complexes (1, 2). CR 1 also acts as a cofactor for the factor 1-mediated cleavage of C3b and C4b (3, 4), a function that might be especially relevant to the finding of a soluble form of CR1 in plasma (5). This regulatory capacity also suggested that CR1 was related to factor H and C4-binding protein ...
... complexes (1, 2). CR 1 also acts as a cofactor for the factor 1-mediated cleavage of C3b and C4b (3, 4), a function that might be especially relevant to the finding of a soluble form of CR1 in plasma (5). This regulatory capacity also suggested that CR1 was related to factor H and C4-binding protein ...
Increasing the denaturation temperature during the first cycles of
... Downloaded from http://molehr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on March 4, 2014 ...
... Downloaded from http://molehr.oxfordjournals.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on March 4, 2014 ...
Deoxyribozyme
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Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.