Chromosomal insertion of foreign DNA
... molecules is introduced in this way. The weight of evidence supports the view that this DNA forms extrachromosomal concatemers (arrays), mainly of monomers orientated in the same direction, by rounds of homologous recombination. Since this occurs when a population of identical linear molecules is in ...
... molecules is introduced in this way. The weight of evidence supports the view that this DNA forms extrachromosomal concatemers (arrays), mainly of monomers orientated in the same direction, by rounds of homologous recombination. Since this occurs when a population of identical linear molecules is in ...
Section 13.2 Summary – pages 341
... • In DNA sequencing, millions of copies of a double-stranded DNA fragment are cloned using PCR. Then, the strands are separated from each other. • The single-stranded fragments are placed in four different test tubes, one for each DNA base. ...
... • In DNA sequencing, millions of copies of a double-stranded DNA fragment are cloned using PCR. Then, the strands are separated from each other. • The single-stranded fragments are placed in four different test tubes, one for each DNA base. ...
Simple and straightforward construction of a mouse gene targeting
... pBSDT-AII, a backbone plasmid for gene targeting vectors Plasmid pBSDT-AII has several characteristics to serve a backbone function in the final construct: the diphtheria toxin A fragment gene (DT-A) driven by the viral MC-1 promoter functions as a negative selection marker in ES cells (15), and the ...
... pBSDT-AII, a backbone plasmid for gene targeting vectors Plasmid pBSDT-AII has several characteristics to serve a backbone function in the final construct: the diphtheria toxin A fragment gene (DT-A) driven by the viral MC-1 promoter functions as a negative selection marker in ES cells (15), and the ...
Proteins
... • Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings (Fig 5:14, pg 68). They include cholesterol, which help make the plasma membrane of the cell. Recall that there are two forms of cholesterol. HDL and LDL. Which ones are better for you? ...
... • Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings (Fig 5:14, pg 68). They include cholesterol, which help make the plasma membrane of the cell. Recall that there are two forms of cholesterol. HDL and LDL. Which ones are better for you? ...
DNA – The Molecule of Life
... D. DNA replication- The details It takes E. coli less than an hour to copy each of the 5 million base pairs in its single chromosome and divide to form two identical daughter cells. A human cell can copy its 6 billion base pairs and divide into daughter cells in only a few hours. This process is re ...
... D. DNA replication- The details It takes E. coli less than an hour to copy each of the 5 million base pairs in its single chromosome and divide to form two identical daughter cells. A human cell can copy its 6 billion base pairs and divide into daughter cells in only a few hours. This process is re ...
Bio_130_files/Organic chemistry
... • Tertiary – superimposed folding of secondary structures – Most enzymes are in this form. ...
... • Tertiary – superimposed folding of secondary structures – Most enzymes are in this form. ...
Milestones of bacterial genetic research: 1944 Avery`s
... While bacteria are haploid organisms, plasmids can be considered as additional minichromosomes. Plasmids can be 1 to 300 kb long and usually exist as multiple, free copies in a bacterium. As a rule, small plasmids occur in multiple copies per cell (high copy number), and large plasmids have a low co ...
... While bacteria are haploid organisms, plasmids can be considered as additional minichromosomes. Plasmids can be 1 to 300 kb long and usually exist as multiple, free copies in a bacterium. As a rule, small plasmids occur in multiple copies per cell (high copy number), and large plasmids have a low co ...
Leukaemia Section t(11;20)(q23;q11) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
... MAPRE1 encoding EB1 which contains a microtubulebinding domain, a dynactin-binding domain (DBD), and an APC-binding domain that is overlapped to DBD; localized at cytoplasmic microtubule tips, centrosomes, and spindle microtubules, and interacts with APC or dynein/dynactin complex to regulate microt ...
... MAPRE1 encoding EB1 which contains a microtubulebinding domain, a dynactin-binding domain (DBD), and an APC-binding domain that is overlapped to DBD; localized at cytoplasmic microtubule tips, centrosomes, and spindle microtubules, and interacts with APC or dynein/dynactin complex to regulate microt ...
Study Guide for Midterm
... 12) Describe how a protein is made. Start with the steps of transcription and finish with the steps of translation. What happens if a nucleotide in the DNA changed (how can that effect the overall structure of a protein being made). Also, make SURE you can answer or recognize the following: 1) Make ...
... 12) Describe how a protein is made. Start with the steps of transcription and finish with the steps of translation. What happens if a nucleotide in the DNA changed (how can that effect the overall structure of a protein being made). Also, make SURE you can answer or recognize the following: 1) Make ...
McCance: Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
... 5. DNA polymerase is the primary enzyme involved in replication. It adds bases to the new DNA strand and performs “proofreading” functions. 6. A mutation is an inherited alteration of genetic material (i.e., DNA). 7. Substances that cause mutations are called mutagens. 8. The mutation rate in humans ...
... 5. DNA polymerase is the primary enzyme involved in replication. It adds bases to the new DNA strand and performs “proofreading” functions. 6. A mutation is an inherited alteration of genetic material (i.e., DNA). 7. Substances that cause mutations are called mutagens. 8. The mutation rate in humans ...
Enzymology
... Another important reminder - not all activity is on or off. Many times the enzyme has a low or constitutive activity that can be increased many times. It is a common mistake to think of enzymes being on or off. ...
... Another important reminder - not all activity is on or off. Many times the enzyme has a low or constitutive activity that can be increased many times. It is a common mistake to think of enzymes being on or off. ...
Microbiology - Imperial Valley College
... These cuts produce a DNA fragment with two stick ends. DNA from another source, perhaps a plasmid, cut with the same restriction enzyme. ...
... These cuts produce a DNA fragment with two stick ends. DNA from another source, perhaps a plasmid, cut with the same restriction enzyme. ...
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
... actin and myosin. Transport proteins are responsible for carrying many materials through the circulatory system. Haemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Interaction of a number of different proteins results in the clotting of blood. Antibodies can recognize and inactivate virt ...
... actin and myosin. Transport proteins are responsible for carrying many materials through the circulatory system. Haemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Interaction of a number of different proteins results in the clotting of blood. Antibodies can recognize and inactivate virt ...
Lecture6-Chap4 Sept19 - Department Of Biological Sciences
... advantageous survives (i.e., is able to produce more fertile progeny) relative to others without the mutation. • Due to intrinsic genomic pressures, such as that which conserves the potential to extrude stem-loops from duplex DNA, introns evolve more slowly than exons that are under positive selecti ...
... advantageous survives (i.e., is able to produce more fertile progeny) relative to others without the mutation. • Due to intrinsic genomic pressures, such as that which conserves the potential to extrude stem-loops from duplex DNA, introns evolve more slowly than exons that are under positive selecti ...
Genomic DNA Extraction from Buccal Cells
... Data interpretation The purification of genomic DNA from buccal cells using ChargeSwitch® on Tecan workstations is a reliable walk-away protocol with many advantages. The protocol avoids the use of chaotropic salts, organic solvents and alcohols. The ChargeSwitch® Genomic DNA Purification protocol ( ...
... Data interpretation The purification of genomic DNA from buccal cells using ChargeSwitch® on Tecan workstations is a reliable walk-away protocol with many advantages. The protocol avoids the use of chaotropic salts, organic solvents and alcohols. The ChargeSwitch® Genomic DNA Purification protocol ( ...
mutations
... proven target for broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy and for antituberculosis therapy RNAP is a suitable target for three reasons: (1) RNAP is an essential enzyme (permits efficacy) (2) bacterial RNAP-subunit sequences are highly conserved (permits broad-spectrum activity) (3) bacterial RNAP seque ...
... proven target for broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy and for antituberculosis therapy RNAP is a suitable target for three reasons: (1) RNAP is an essential enzyme (permits efficacy) (2) bacterial RNAP-subunit sequences are highly conserved (permits broad-spectrum activity) (3) bacterial RNAP seque ...
evolution
... that’s all that natural selection cares about. For instance, even if two alleles at the same locus are both unfit in some absolute sense, the fitter of the two will still increase in frequency at the expense of the other. If a species survives and reproduces well in some absolute sense, it will be e ...
... that’s all that natural selection cares about. For instance, even if two alleles at the same locus are both unfit in some absolute sense, the fitter of the two will still increase in frequency at the expense of the other. If a species survives and reproduces well in some absolute sense, it will be e ...
102Chapter 10 - Central Dogma
... Translation (RNA → Protein): 1) mRNA carries code for protein from nucleus to cytoplasm 2) Ribosomes (protein factories) bind to mRNA in cytoplasm 3) tRNA delivers appropriate amino acid to ribosome • tRNA has 3 exposed bases that form base pairs with the mRNA codon (Anticodon) • tRNA has correct am ...
... Translation (RNA → Protein): 1) mRNA carries code for protein from nucleus to cytoplasm 2) Ribosomes (protein factories) bind to mRNA in cytoplasm 3) tRNA delivers appropriate amino acid to ribosome • tRNA has 3 exposed bases that form base pairs with the mRNA codon (Anticodon) • tRNA has correct am ...
Mutational Analysis Defines the Roles of Conserved Amino Acid
... character of this residue and its involvement in stabilization of the target base (Figure 2). It is intriguing that the MTase activity of the N101A mutant in vitro is reduced only to 10% of the wt enzyme, while we found it is inactive in vivo. Both the apparent dissociation constant and KM for RNA o ...
... character of this residue and its involvement in stabilization of the target base (Figure 2). It is intriguing that the MTase activity of the N101A mutant in vitro is reduced only to 10% of the wt enzyme, while we found it is inactive in vivo. Both the apparent dissociation constant and KM for RNA o ...
Assay Quality Considerations
... Introduction of unwanted nucleic acids into specimen - the sensitivity of PCR techniques makes them vulnerable to contamination Repeated amplification of the same target sequence leads to accumulation of amplification products in the laboratory environment A typical PCR generates as many as 109 cop ...
... Introduction of unwanted nucleic acids into specimen - the sensitivity of PCR techniques makes them vulnerable to contamination Repeated amplification of the same target sequence leads to accumulation of amplification products in the laboratory environment A typical PCR generates as many as 109 cop ...
Deoxyribozyme
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Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions, similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s,there are no known naturally occurring deoxyribozymes.Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that selectively bind a target ligand, but do not catalyze a subsequent chemical reaction.With the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from just four chemically similar nucleobases. In addition, DNA lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group found in RNA which limits the catalytic competency of deoxyribozymes even in comparison to ribozymes.In addition to the inherent inferiority of DNA catalytic activity, the apparent lack of naturally occurring deoxyribozymes may also be due to the primarily double-stranded conformation of DNA in biological systems which would limit its physical flexibility and ability to form tertiary structures, and so would drastically limit the ability of double-stranded DNA to act as a catalyst; though there are a few known instances of biological single-stranded DNA such as multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA), certain viral genomes, and the replication fork formed during DNA replication. Further structural differences between DNA and RNA may also play a role in the lack of biological deoxyribozymes, such as the additional methyl group of the DNA base thymidine compared to the RNA base uracil or the tendency of DNA to adopt the B-form helix while RNA tends to adopt the A-form helix. However, it has also been shown that DNA can form structures that RNA cannot, which suggests that, though there are differences in structures that each can form, neither is inherently more or less catalytic due to their possible structural motifs.