Below-ground resources limit seedling growth in forest understories
... varying widely in shade tolerance to an increase in soil resources in shaded forest understories in northern Wisconsin, USA. In a 4-year experiment, trenching treatment was used to increase soil resource supply to 1-year old seedlings planted across a range of low light microenvironments. Specifical ...
... varying widely in shade tolerance to an increase in soil resources in shaded forest understories in northern Wisconsin, USA. In a 4-year experiment, trenching treatment was used to increase soil resource supply to 1-year old seedlings planted across a range of low light microenvironments. Specifical ...
Population density of North American elk
... their environments. High-levels of herbivory, from populations of large herbivores at or near K, often lead to declines in plant species diversity and loss of highly palatable species from the plant community (Olff and Ritchie 1998; Rooney 2001; Vellend 2004; McShea 2005; Nicholson et al. 2006). Ind ...
... their environments. High-levels of herbivory, from populations of large herbivores at or near K, often lead to declines in plant species diversity and loss of highly palatable species from the plant community (Olff and Ritchie 1998; Rooney 2001; Vellend 2004; McShea 2005; Nicholson et al. 2006). Ind ...
Habitat filtering and niche differentiation jointly explain
... intensity of inter-specific competition (Gross et al., 2007) and promotes the complementarity of resource use in space and time (Silvertown, 2004; Carroll et al., 2011). A central assumption of competition models postulates that long-term species coexistence is possible if the strength of inter-spec ...
... intensity of inter-specific competition (Gross et al., 2007) and promotes the complementarity of resource use in space and time (Silvertown, 2004; Carroll et al., 2011). A central assumption of competition models postulates that long-term species coexistence is possible if the strength of inter-spec ...
NotesChapter7
... Population extinction is certain if, in the long term, the mortality rate is higher than the birth rate (Barbault & Sastrapradja 1995) in the absence of migration. If migration is present, extinction is certain if, in the long term, the combined death and emigration rates exceed the combined birth ...
... Population extinction is certain if, in the long term, the mortality rate is higher than the birth rate (Barbault & Sastrapradja 1995) in the absence of migration. If migration is present, extinction is certain if, in the long term, the combined death and emigration rates exceed the combined birth ...
1. Mada Sanjaya et al
... constant and the predator functional response is linear. Based on experiments, Holling (1965), Hsu et al. (2001), Shuwen and Lansun (2005), Shuwen and Dejun (2009) suggested three different kinds of functional responses for different kinds of species to model the phenomena of predator, which resulte ...
... constant and the predator functional response is linear. Based on experiments, Holling (1965), Hsu et al. (2001), Shuwen and Lansun (2005), Shuwen and Dejun (2009) suggested three different kinds of functional responses for different kinds of species to model the phenomena of predator, which resulte ...
Adaptation and the Form
... to a form-function match in which the function was advantageous to the organism. One could easily assemble more than 10,000 references addressing the concept in more than passing (cf. Grant, 1963; Gans, 1966; Williams, 1966; Stern, 1970; Krimbas, 1984). This seems inappropriate in the present framew ...
... to a form-function match in which the function was advantageous to the organism. One could easily assemble more than 10,000 references addressing the concept in more than passing (cf. Grant, 1963; Gans, 1966; Williams, 1966; Stern, 1970; Krimbas, 1984). This seems inappropriate in the present framew ...
Mr. Babak - Marion County Public Schools
... 4. Gaseous content of the atmosphere (oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc…) 5. Mineral content of the substrata (what is the soil made of) 6. Amount of solar input 7. Radiation from soil/rock, incoming from other sources ** Each of the prior listed abiotic factors varies in the environment and, as such, may ...
... 4. Gaseous content of the atmosphere (oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc…) 5. Mineral content of the substrata (what is the soil made of) 6. Amount of solar input 7. Radiation from soil/rock, incoming from other sources ** Each of the prior listed abiotic factors varies in the environment and, as such, may ...
PDF
... experiments. In single-species trials, typical field densities of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) reduced water-column chlorophyll a more strongly than clams (Mercenaria mercenaria). The non-native filter-feeding reef crab Petrolisthes armatus did not draw down chlorophyll a. In multi-species treatm ...
... experiments. In single-species trials, typical field densities of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) reduced water-column chlorophyll a more strongly than clams (Mercenaria mercenaria). The non-native filter-feeding reef crab Petrolisthes armatus did not draw down chlorophyll a. In multi-species treatm ...
Trade-offs and Biological Diversity: Integrative Answers to
... future (e.g., predicted adaptive responses; Gluckman et al. 2005). Phenotypic plasticity frequently mirrors heritable variation among populations and species (e.g., Ruell et al. 2013), and can have similar consequences for the abundances and distributions of species because it can determine the rela ...
... future (e.g., predicted adaptive responses; Gluckman et al. 2005). Phenotypic plasticity frequently mirrors heritable variation among populations and species (e.g., Ruell et al. 2013), and can have similar consequences for the abundances and distributions of species because it can determine the rela ...
Marine Ecology 2008, Lecture 5 july 10 final pred-parasite
... Numerical response – when there is a large increase in prey density, the predators present can become satiated as prey densities increase and the rate of prey eaten is not going to increase for each individual predators. ...
... Numerical response – when there is a large increase in prey density, the predators present can become satiated as prey densities increase and the rate of prey eaten is not going to increase for each individual predators. ...
Plant competition in mediterranean
... recruitment of the Californian Q. douglasii was negatively correlated with oak canopy cover in oak forest but positively correlated in a dense canopy savanna (Borchert et al. 1989). Similarly, the effect of the oak Q. douglasii canopy on herbaceous understorey varied along a rainfall gradient and de ...
... recruitment of the Californian Q. douglasii was negatively correlated with oak canopy cover in oak forest but positively correlated in a dense canopy savanna (Borchert et al. 1989). Similarly, the effect of the oak Q. douglasii canopy on herbaceous understorey varied along a rainfall gradient and de ...
Ecological non-monotonicity and its effects on complexity and
... In general, ecological non-monotonicity has been largely ignored in previous studies of population, community and ecosystem dynamics. For simplification, ecological interactions are often assumed to be monotonic, i.e. either positive, negative or neutral. But in nature, non-monotonic interactions are ...
... In general, ecological non-monotonicity has been largely ignored in previous studies of population, community and ecosystem dynamics. For simplification, ecological interactions are often assumed to be monotonic, i.e. either positive, negative or neutral. But in nature, non-monotonic interactions are ...
Seqential Predation: A Multi
... classified as positive or negative, at least not in an absolute sense. Short-term advantage may turn into massive losses in the longer term, and vice versa. The situation we discuss here is a special case of apparent competition. Two competing prey species are consumed by a common predator, but thei ...
... classified as positive or negative, at least not in an absolute sense. Short-term advantage may turn into massive losses in the longer term, and vice versa. The situation we discuss here is a special case of apparent competition. Two competing prey species are consumed by a common predator, but thei ...
The scope of the problem - Assets
... colony survival. For the plant this means that one of its seeds is lost. However, seeds found by ants may subsequently be lost by them and germinate in the vicinity of an ants’ nest where herbivore pressure might be reduced and nutrient supply enhanced. The critical question is what proportion of se ...
... colony survival. For the plant this means that one of its seeds is lost. However, seeds found by ants may subsequently be lost by them and germinate in the vicinity of an ants’ nest where herbivore pressure might be reduced and nutrient supply enhanced. The critical question is what proportion of se ...
Insect Ecology
... •If individuals are too numerous, the population will decrease outbreak •If individuals are too few, the female and male adults cannot find each other (utilized in plant protection quarantine) Many species need a continuous contact with their companions „group effect” e. g.: social insects, migrator ...
... •If individuals are too numerous, the population will decrease outbreak •If individuals are too few, the female and male adults cannot find each other (utilized in plant protection quarantine) Many species need a continuous contact with their companions „group effect” e. g.: social insects, migrator ...
Moving beyond assumptions to understand abundance distributions
... rarely provide satisfactory elucidation of underlying causes and can confound multiple causal mechanisms [24]. At the very least, these hypotheses assume that distributions of relative abundance stay constant through time. Indeed, the widely cited ‘climate envelope’ hypothesis, which holds that spec ...
... rarely provide satisfactory elucidation of underlying causes and can confound multiple causal mechanisms [24]. At the very least, these hypotheses assume that distributions of relative abundance stay constant through time. Indeed, the widely cited ‘climate envelope’ hypothesis, which holds that spec ...
Plankton: the paradox and the power law arXiv
... The work here builds on a mathematical theory proposed by Cuesta et al. (2017) for scaleinvariant dynamics of a continuum of species with a continuous trait (a characteristic body size) that spans an unlimited range from zero upwards, in addition to a continuous body size within species conventional ...
... The work here builds on a mathematical theory proposed by Cuesta et al. (2017) for scaleinvariant dynamics of a continuum of species with a continuous trait (a characteristic body size) that spans an unlimited range from zero upwards, in addition to a continuous body size within species conventional ...
Ecosystems and Living Organisms
... In local populations, such as the population of the United States, the number of births, deaths, immigrants, and emigrants affects population size. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
... In local populations, such as the population of the United States, the number of births, deaths, immigrants, and emigrants affects population size. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
Chapter 5 Notes
... In local populations, such as the population of the United States, the number of births, deaths, immigrants, and emigrants affects population size. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
... In local populations, such as the population of the United States, the number of births, deaths, immigrants, and emigrants affects population size. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
Biodiversity, productivity and the temporal stability of
... standard deviation (Lehman & Tilman 2000). This measure is preferred to other measures of temporal stability for many reasons (cf. Lehman & Tilman 2000). For example, the information of interest can be lost when using alternative measures such as the coefficient of variation (CV = r ⁄ l), because th ...
... standard deviation (Lehman & Tilman 2000). This measure is preferred to other measures of temporal stability for many reasons (cf. Lehman & Tilman 2000). For example, the information of interest can be lost when using alternative measures such as the coefficient of variation (CV = r ⁄ l), because th ...
Competition, predation and flow rate as mediators
... lower trophic levels through trophic cascades (Peacor and Werner 1997; Abrams 2007). In such cases, the most parsimonious prediction would be that adding competitors in an ecosystem should strengthen trophic cascades, because of an increase in the density of consumers (Abrams 1995, 2007). It is wort ...
... lower trophic levels through trophic cascades (Peacor and Werner 1997; Abrams 2007). In such cases, the most parsimonious prediction would be that adding competitors in an ecosystem should strengthen trophic cascades, because of an increase in the density of consumers (Abrams 1995, 2007). It is wort ...
06_chapter 1
... ECOLOGY The world ‘ecology’, derived from the Greek word ‘oikos’, meaning “house or place to live”- is the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment or, broadly speaking, their houses. It is the science of the interrelation between living organisms and their environment. 11 I ...
... ECOLOGY The world ‘ecology’, derived from the Greek word ‘oikos’, meaning “house or place to live”- is the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment or, broadly speaking, their houses. It is the science of the interrelation between living organisms and their environment. 11 I ...