
13 Populations
... Y Will Learn In this chapter you will learn: how birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration determine the size of a population that most environments have a carrying capacity for each population how abiotic and biotic factors limit the size of a population how competition, predation, and pa ...
... Y Will Learn In this chapter you will learn: how birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration determine the size of a population that most environments have a carrying capacity for each population how abiotic and biotic factors limit the size of a population how competition, predation, and pa ...
fulltext
... (maturation). Hence, juveniles become fewer not only through stagespecific mortality but also through maturation. Adults become more when juveniles mature. Adults do not grow but produce new juveniles (reproduction), and become less through stage-specific mortality. Maturation and reproduction – two ...
... (maturation). Hence, juveniles become fewer not only through stagespecific mortality but also through maturation. Adults become more when juveniles mature. Adults do not grow but produce new juveniles (reproduction), and become less through stage-specific mortality. Maturation and reproduction – two ...
population - AP Environmental Science
... between these basic types of survivorship curves or show more complex curves. Some invertebrates, such as crabs, show a “stair-stepped” curve, with ...
... between these basic types of survivorship curves or show more complex curves. Some invertebrates, such as crabs, show a “stair-stepped” curve, with ...
Biodiversity_Chapter4
... Temperate and provisional tropical findings suggest that host specificity is < 5 % (Stork 1997). Though latitudinal variation in the proportions of species from different guilds of insects is probable, the figures from widely spread studies suggest that beetles make up 20—25 % of the total numbe ...
... Temperate and provisional tropical findings suggest that host specificity is < 5 % (Stork 1997). Though latitudinal variation in the proportions of species from different guilds of insects is probable, the figures from widely spread studies suggest that beetles make up 20—25 % of the total numbe ...
Oscillations in age-structured models of consumer
... the resource has only a positive effect on the consumer. Examples include a predator-prey system in which the prey is able to kill or consume predator eggs or larvae and the insect pollinator and the host plant relationship in which the plants provide food, seeds, nectar and other resources for the ...
... the resource has only a positive effect on the consumer. Examples include a predator-prey system in which the prey is able to kill or consume predator eggs or larvae and the insect pollinator and the host plant relationship in which the plants provide food, seeds, nectar and other resources for the ...
Ecosystems in Action: Lessons from Marine Ecology about Recovery
... The resistance of total catch to environmental change derives from the diversity of the spawning population. At different times and places, different spawning populations contribute strongly to the next generation. In most years, spawning is favored in at least one habitat, so the mixed reproductive ...
... The resistance of total catch to environmental change derives from the diversity of the spawning population. At different times and places, different spawning populations contribute strongly to the next generation. In most years, spawning is favored in at least one habitat, so the mixed reproductive ...
Chapter4
... Temperate and provisional tropical findings suggest that host specificity is < 5 % (Stork 1997). Though latitudinal variation in the proportions of species from different guilds of insects is probable, the figures from widely spread studies suggest that beetles make up 20—25 % of the total numbe ...
... Temperate and provisional tropical findings suggest that host specificity is < 5 % (Stork 1997). Though latitudinal variation in the proportions of species from different guilds of insects is probable, the figures from widely spread studies suggest that beetles make up 20—25 % of the total numbe ...
Document
... complex natural formation. Forest - part of the geographical landscape and consists of a set of different species of trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses, animals and micro-organisms that are interdependent and affect each other and the environment. However, the forest should be considered not only in spa ...
... complex natural formation. Forest - part of the geographical landscape and consists of a set of different species of trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses, animals and micro-organisms that are interdependent and affect each other and the environment. However, the forest should be considered not only in spa ...
Trait- and Density-Mediated Indirect Interactions Initiated by an
... impact invaded communities through both direct and indirect effects (Crooks 2002). Importantly, many plant species may commonly participate in multiple such indirect interactions, influencing one or many species of organisms simultaneously or sequentially (Ohgushi 2005; Ohgushi et al. 2007). Hence, ...
... impact invaded communities through both direct and indirect effects (Crooks 2002). Importantly, many plant species may commonly participate in multiple such indirect interactions, influencing one or many species of organisms simultaneously or sequentially (Ohgushi 2005; Ohgushi et al. 2007). Hence, ...
Linking Scales in Stream Ecology
... species in this dry-season refuge was enhanced because hypoxia caused predators to cease feeding to conserve oxygen. The persistence of Poecilia gillii along a steep-gradient, intermittent stream reach in Costa Rica depended on the availability of hydrologically stable pools and the ability of fish ...
... species in this dry-season refuge was enhanced because hypoxia caused predators to cease feeding to conserve oxygen. The persistence of Poecilia gillii along a steep-gradient, intermittent stream reach in Costa Rica depended on the availability of hydrologically stable pools and the ability of fish ...
ch10 - Cobb Learning
... – An environmental myth that states that the natural environment, when not influenced by human activity, will reach a constant status, unchanging over time. – Environmentalists in early 20th cent. Formalized the idea • Succession proceeds to a fixed, “classic” condition called Climax Condition (stea ...
... – An environmental myth that states that the natural environment, when not influenced by human activity, will reach a constant status, unchanging over time. – Environmentalists in early 20th cent. Formalized the idea • Succession proceeds to a fixed, “classic” condition called Climax Condition (stea ...
a Summary of Human Population Dynamics
... carrying capacity, the lynx population then decreases. Look at the Y-axis labels on the left and right. There are thousands of lynx and tens of thousands of hare. These fluctuations are part of the natural course of food and feeder population dynamics throughout the biological community. You might s ...
... carrying capacity, the lynx population then decreases. Look at the Y-axis labels on the left and right. There are thousands of lynx and tens of thousands of hare. These fluctuations are part of the natural course of food and feeder population dynamics throughout the biological community. You might s ...
Element Ratios and Aquatic Food Webs
... limiting nutrients sprang from these relationships. Because an organism was composed of elements with certain proportions relative to one another, the uptake of these same elements might be affected by the balance between protoplasmic demand and external availability. If a nutrient concentration was ...
... limiting nutrients sprang from these relationships. Because an organism was composed of elements with certain proportions relative to one another, the uptake of these same elements might be affected by the balance between protoplasmic demand and external availability. If a nutrient concentration was ...
Section 4-1 The Role of Climate (pages 87
... 5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about niches. a. Different species can share the same niche in the same habitat. b. No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat. c. Two species in the same habitat have to share a niche to survive. d. Different species can occupy nic ...
... 5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about niches. a. Different species can share the same niche in the same habitat. b. No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat. c. Two species in the same habitat have to share a niche to survive. d. Different species can occupy nic ...
Vertebrate Prey of Selected Arkansas Snakes
... dominant predatory species in food chains of terrestrial ind aquatic communities. Snake food habits, feeding behavior, and tropic ecology have been extensively documented (Mushinsky, 1987). Food lists on the dietary preferences of North American snakes can be found in virtually any study on snake ec ...
... dominant predatory species in food chains of terrestrial ind aquatic communities. Snake food habits, feeding behavior, and tropic ecology have been extensively documented (Mushinsky, 1987). Food lists on the dietary preferences of North American snakes can be found in virtually any study on snake ec ...
The Effect of Urbanisation on Biodiversity
... structures rather than processes and function •There are landscape principles for protected areas: Species richness increases with forest area A continuous area has more native interior species than two or more small ones In a forested area separate patches close to each other support more species t ...
... structures rather than processes and function •There are landscape principles for protected areas: Species richness increases with forest area A continuous area has more native interior species than two or more small ones In a forested area separate patches close to each other support more species t ...
On the relationship between trophic position, body mass and
... limitation hypothesis, which proposes that the major determinant of a predator’s potential to occupy upper trophic positions is associated with the its morphological restrictions related to consuming prey (Pimm 1982, Hairston and Hairston 1993). This latter hypothesis points to the existence of a co ...
... limitation hypothesis, which proposes that the major determinant of a predator’s potential to occupy upper trophic positions is associated with the its morphological restrictions related to consuming prey (Pimm 1982, Hairston and Hairston 1993). This latter hypothesis points to the existence of a co ...
Eco-evolutionary responses of biodiversity to climate change
... habitats can either swamp or accelerate local adaptation depending on the gene flow-selection balance16 . Competition can restrict opportunities for adaptation whereas adaptation of resident species can restrict establishment of competitors14 . Eco-evolutionary dynamics occur frequently in nature13 ...
... habitats can either swamp or accelerate local adaptation depending on the gene flow-selection balance16 . Competition can restrict opportunities for adaptation whereas adaptation of resident species can restrict establishment of competitors14 . Eco-evolutionary dynamics occur frequently in nature13 ...
A6.73a Curlew Numenius arquata (breeding)
... these, the only one to occur in Europe is the European population (amounting to the whole of the nominate sub-species). This is currently estimated at 348,000 individuals (Rose & Scott 1997, comprising about 120,000 breeding pairs, of which the British population amounts to 33,000 pairs (Piersma 198 ...
... these, the only one to occur in Europe is the European population (amounting to the whole of the nominate sub-species). This is currently estimated at 348,000 individuals (Rose & Scott 1997, comprising about 120,000 breeding pairs, of which the British population amounts to 33,000 pairs (Piersma 198 ...
Habitat Fragmentation, Edge Effects and Biological
... creation of “habitat edges” and consequently the so called “edge effects” that generally have a negative impact on the biotic and physical environment. The spatial attributes of fragments in the landscape include fragment size, shape, isolation and the matrix type surrounding the fragments. Although ...
... creation of “habitat edges” and consequently the so called “edge effects” that generally have a negative impact on the biotic and physical environment. The spatial attributes of fragments in the landscape include fragment size, shape, isolation and the matrix type surrounding the fragments. Although ...
File
... To identify the various uses of ecosystems Be able to distinguish between the economic, environmental and cultural values ...
... To identify the various uses of ecosystems Be able to distinguish between the economic, environmental and cultural values ...
Theoretical ecology

Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.