Behavioral Adaptatio
... choose the size of whelk and the dropping height that maximizes its net energetic profit. Since the crow's behavior fit the predicted pattern, the constraints on the behavior identified by Zach appear to be correct. Factors: 1) size of whelk, 2) energy spent in flight, 3) competition, 4) loss of whe ...
... choose the size of whelk and the dropping height that maximizes its net energetic profit. Since the crow's behavior fit the predicted pattern, the constraints on the behavior identified by Zach appear to be correct. Factors: 1) size of whelk, 2) energy spent in flight, 3) competition, 4) loss of whe ...
Dynamical and system-wide properties of linear flow
... description of “complex” ecological systems. Because of expected simplicity, it can be surprising when linear systems behavior proves non-simple (Patten, 1975, 1983). This is what we confronted in the preliminaries to this study when we parameterized linearly formulated food-web models differently a ...
... description of “complex” ecological systems. Because of expected simplicity, it can be surprising when linear systems behavior proves non-simple (Patten, 1975, 1983). This is what we confronted in the preliminaries to this study when we parameterized linearly formulated food-web models differently a ...
Populations, Their changes and Their measurement IB syllabus: 2.1
... The earliest plant colonizers are algae and eel grass which can tolerate submergence by the tide for most of the 12-hour cycle and which trap mud, causing it to accumulate. Two other colonisers are salicornia and spartina which are halophytes -i.e. plants that can tolerate saline conditions. They gr ...
... The earliest plant colonizers are algae and eel grass which can tolerate submergence by the tide for most of the 12-hour cycle and which trap mud, causing it to accumulate. Two other colonisers are salicornia and spartina which are halophytes -i.e. plants that can tolerate saline conditions. They gr ...
Unit 2 * Ecosystems and Population Change
... Abiotic factors: Soil • Soil not only contains water and nutrients but also is home to many plants and animals. ...
... Abiotic factors: Soil • Soil not only contains water and nutrients but also is home to many plants and animals. ...
Chapter 15
... Science is a process for producing knowledge methodically and logically based on precise observations of natural phenomena. In science, a theory is not a speculative explanation unsupported by facts but rather a consensus by a majority of experts that an overwhelming body of evidence and experience ...
... Science is a process for producing knowledge methodically and logically based on precise observations of natural phenomena. In science, a theory is not a speculative explanation unsupported by facts but rather a consensus by a majority of experts that an overwhelming body of evidence and experience ...
Not worth the risk: apex predators suppress herbivory on coral reefs
... fishes that perform numerous functions and create a complex network of species interactions (Sheppard et al. 2009). Worldwide, overfishing and habitat degradation has greatly contributed to the decline of reef fish populations (Jackson et al. 2001), particularly apex predators such as reef sharks (fami ...
... fishes that perform numerous functions and create a complex network of species interactions (Sheppard et al. 2009). Worldwide, overfishing and habitat degradation has greatly contributed to the decline of reef fish populations (Jackson et al. 2001), particularly apex predators such as reef sharks (fami ...
Unit 2 * Ecosystems and Population Change
... Abiotic factors: Soil • Soil not only contains water and nutrients but also is home to many plants and animals. ...
... Abiotic factors: Soil • Soil not only contains water and nutrients but also is home to many plants and animals. ...
Not worth the risk: apex predators suppress herbivory on coral reefs
... fishes that perform numerous functions and create a complex network of species interactions (Sheppard et al. 2009). Worldwide, overfishing and habitat degradation has greatly contributed to the decline of reef fish populations (Jackson et al. 2001), particularly apex predators such as reef sharks (fami ...
... fishes that perform numerous functions and create a complex network of species interactions (Sheppard et al. 2009). Worldwide, overfishing and habitat degradation has greatly contributed to the decline of reef fish populations (Jackson et al. 2001), particularly apex predators such as reef sharks (fami ...
Darwinian balancing selection: predation counters sexual selection
... improve mating success will be opposed by viability selection. Opposing selection would also be revealed in significant viability and sexual selection on multivariate axes that have similar relative contributions of traits, but where the sign of selection will be opposite.” ...
... improve mating success will be opposed by viability selection. Opposing selection would also be revealed in significant viability and sexual selection on multivariate axes that have similar relative contributions of traits, but where the sign of selection will be opposite.” ...
spider competition in structurally simple
... also uncovered indirect evidence of competition between two lycosid species, Lycosa modesta (Keyserling) and Pardosa littoralis Banks. This study was entirely correlative, and consisted of a series of D-VAC samples taken in two replicates of four categories of Spartina spp. vegetation. On the shore ...
... also uncovered indirect evidence of competition between two lycosid species, Lycosa modesta (Keyserling) and Pardosa littoralis Banks. This study was entirely correlative, and consisted of a series of D-VAC samples taken in two replicates of four categories of Spartina spp. vegetation. On the shore ...
Text - University of Glasgow
... resource prey through the suppression of mesopredators. However, whether such behavioural suppression can also affect the physiology of resource prey has yet to be examined. 2. Using a three-tier reef fish food web and intermittent-flow respirometry, our study examined changes in the metabolic rate ...
... resource prey through the suppression of mesopredators. However, whether such behavioural suppression can also affect the physiology of resource prey has yet to be examined. 2. Using a three-tier reef fish food web and intermittent-flow respirometry, our study examined changes in the metabolic rate ...
BDC321_L05 - Fragmentation & connectivity
... hedgerows/fencelines as corridors • Many plant species soil conditions for growth & seed conditions that are not guaranteed by a narrow strip of vegetation • Hence, “corridor” is an unclear concept, and is used in different contexts in different places in the literature. ...
... hedgerows/fencelines as corridors • Many plant species soil conditions for growth & seed conditions that are not guaranteed by a narrow strip of vegetation • Hence, “corridor” is an unclear concept, and is used in different contexts in different places in the literature. ...
Mechanisms driving change: altered species interactions and
... transfer along food webs, and the major processes that allow the cycling of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, and use case studies to show how these have already been, and will continue to be, altered by global warming. 2. Increased temperatures will affect the interactions between heterotrophs and autot ...
... transfer along food webs, and the major processes that allow the cycling of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, and use case studies to show how these have already been, and will continue to be, altered by global warming. 2. Increased temperatures will affect the interactions between heterotrophs and autot ...
as a PDF
... Lotka-Volterra Model Lotka (1925) and Volterra (1926) have given mathematical models independently to explain as to what happens when two species living together share the same resource i.e. food, space or mate etc. The mathematical models are based on the logistic curve and are called LotkaVolterra ...
... Lotka-Volterra Model Lotka (1925) and Volterra (1926) have given mathematical models independently to explain as to what happens when two species living together share the same resource i.e. food, space or mate etc. The mathematical models are based on the logistic curve and are called LotkaVolterra ...
sss bio 3.2 how humans influence ecosystems
... Humans depend on resource exploitation for jobs, materials, food, shelter and energy. Exploitation can lead to habitat loss, soil degradation and contamination of water supplies. Contamination is the introduction of harmful chemicals or micro-organisms into the environment. Many mining and r ...
... Humans depend on resource exploitation for jobs, materials, food, shelter and energy. Exploitation can lead to habitat loss, soil degradation and contamination of water supplies. Contamination is the introduction of harmful chemicals or micro-organisms into the environment. Many mining and r ...
CHAPTER 3 Communities and Biomes
... • Abiotic and biotic factors interact and result in conditions that are suitable for life for some organisms and unsuitable for other organisms • Biotic - living factors • Abiotic - nonliving factors ...
... • Abiotic and biotic factors interact and result in conditions that are suitable for life for some organisms and unsuitable for other organisms • Biotic - living factors • Abiotic - nonliving factors ...
Causes and Consequences of Spatial Heterogeneity
... Ecolog(ists) use(s) the concept of a landscape in two ways. The first, which considers a landscape as a specific area based on human scales, is intuitive: Landscapes are ecological systems that exist at the scale of kilometers and comprise recognizable elements such as forest patches, fields, and he ...
... Ecolog(ists) use(s) the concept of a landscape in two ways. The first, which considers a landscape as a specific area based on human scales, is intuitive: Landscapes are ecological systems that exist at the scale of kilometers and comprise recognizable elements such as forest patches, fields, and he ...
Flood Hazard Location Maps
... Biodiversity is a broad concept, so a variety of objective measures have been created in order to empirically measure biodiversity. For practical conservationists, this measure should quantify a value that is broadly shared among locally affected people. For others, a more economically defensible de ...
... Biodiversity is a broad concept, so a variety of objective measures have been created in order to empirically measure biodiversity. For practical conservationists, this measure should quantify a value that is broadly shared among locally affected people. For others, a more economically defensible de ...
MS Word - Lopers.Net
... avoid predation only because they look or act like some other unsavory creature. The viceroy butterfly, for example, is a pleasant tasting insect that predators avoid because its orange and black color pattern resembles the monarch butterfly, a very bad tasting species. Yellow and black bands on the ...
... avoid predation only because they look or act like some other unsavory creature. The viceroy butterfly, for example, is a pleasant tasting insect that predators avoid because its orange and black color pattern resembles the monarch butterfly, a very bad tasting species. Yellow and black bands on the ...
1 Sounding the Deep - Department of Ecology and Evolution
... • Main elements are functional biology and ecology • Functional biology is the study of organismal function, such as reproduction, locomotion, feeding, and cellular and biochemical processes relating to digestion, respiration, and other aspects of metabolism ...
... • Main elements are functional biology and ecology • Functional biology is the study of organismal function, such as reproduction, locomotion, feeding, and cellular and biochemical processes relating to digestion, respiration, and other aspects of metabolism ...
APES Vocabulary Review
... Buffer- Materials (chemicals) that have the ability to neutralize acids. Examples include the calcium carbonate that is present in many soils and rocks. These materials may lessen potential adverse effects of acid rain. C Horizon- Horizon is composed of partially altered (weathered) parent material ...
... Buffer- Materials (chemicals) that have the ability to neutralize acids. Examples include the calcium carbonate that is present in many soils and rocks. These materials may lessen potential adverse effects of acid rain. C Horizon- Horizon is composed of partially altered (weathered) parent material ...
Management brochure
... II. Along with the loss of hedges, and wild-flower meadows, ponds have also been severely affected. Since the 1950s-60s many ponds have been lost to agricultural land reclamation, while at least 90% of the ponds that survive today are heavily overgrown by trees and bushes. Recent research in East An ...
... II. Along with the loss of hedges, and wild-flower meadows, ponds have also been severely affected. Since the 1950s-60s many ponds have been lost to agricultural land reclamation, while at least 90% of the ponds that survive today are heavily overgrown by trees and bushes. Recent research in East An ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.