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... Melle 2007, Vikebø et al. 2012). Latitude has therefore often been used as a proxy in avian phenology studies (Baker 1938, Slagsvold 1975, Olsen and Marples 1993, Wanless et al. 2008), and we choose to use the same parameter as a proxy for a general gradient of environmental conditions to address l ...
... Melle 2007, Vikebø et al. 2012). Latitude has therefore often been used as a proxy in avian phenology studies (Baker 1938, Slagsvold 1975, Olsen and Marples 1993, Wanless et al. 2008), and we choose to use the same parameter as a proxy for a general gradient of environmental conditions to address l ...
Disentangling direct and indirect effects of experimental grassland
... frequency of three cuts per year, confirming that cutting can increase plant species diversity due to removal of nutrients from the soil [24]. However, a moderate frequency of two cuts per year may improve plant species richness in our experimental field site even more, because the disturbance rate ...
... frequency of three cuts per year, confirming that cutting can increase plant species diversity due to removal of nutrients from the soil [24]. However, a moderate frequency of two cuts per year may improve plant species richness in our experimental field site even more, because the disturbance rate ...
Rapid digestion of fish prey by the highly invasive `detritivore
... provided sufficient protein for fish body maintenance, and the second followed that if protein deficiency was responsible for the loss of body condition, then would an alternative form of protein be required (Bowen, 1979), thus triggering trophic plasticity in this species. In a subsequent study, Do ...
... provided sufficient protein for fish body maintenance, and the second followed that if protein deficiency was responsible for the loss of body condition, then would an alternative form of protein be required (Bowen, 1979), thus triggering trophic plasticity in this species. In a subsequent study, Do ...
15Diets, Foraging, and Interactions with Parasites and Predators
... for food (Crossland et al. 2006). Cannibalism provides benefits for adult males of the Puerto Rican frog Eleutherodactylus coqui. Parental male frogs guard their egg clutches, and other males opportunistically raid the nests and consume the eggs if the parental male is not present or is unable to de ...
... for food (Crossland et al. 2006). Cannibalism provides benefits for adult males of the Puerto Rican frog Eleutherodactylus coqui. Parental male frogs guard their egg clutches, and other males opportunistically raid the nests and consume the eggs if the parental male is not present or is unable to de ...
Optimization of supplementary feeding programs for European
... variation of procedures and protocols. These include the management of fenced feeding sites with abundant and predictable carrion inputs from intensive farming, to the non-removal of dead livestock on extensive farms or wild ungulates as a result of hunting activities. This diversity of approaches m ...
... variation of procedures and protocols. These include the management of fenced feeding sites with abundant and predictable carrion inputs from intensive farming, to the non-removal of dead livestock on extensive farms or wild ungulates as a result of hunting activities. This diversity of approaches m ...
Replacing Sources with Sinks: When Do Populations Go Down the
... did for calculating nesting success and per capita reproductive success. Using her maximum juvenile and adult survivorship values, one of the five tallgrass prairies and none of the five hayfields could be classified as sources. We used the per capita reproductive success values reported by Vierling ...
... did for calculating nesting success and per capita reproductive success. Using her maximum juvenile and adult survivorship values, one of the five tallgrass prairies and none of the five hayfields could be classified as sources. We used the per capita reproductive success values reported by Vierling ...
Species indicators of large herbivore density: comparing taxa and
... species to one or several groups of sites, to obtain indicators of ecosystem recovery after various deer ...
... species to one or several groups of sites, to obtain indicators of ecosystem recovery after various deer ...
Diversity and coevolutionary dynamics in high
... over macroevolutionary time scales, relatively short intermittent bursts of high rates of evolutionary change should alternate with long periods of bounded phenotypic fluctuations. Also, there is much discussion about whether species diversity saturates over evolutionary time in a given environment ...
... over macroevolutionary time scales, relatively short intermittent bursts of high rates of evolutionary change should alternate with long periods of bounded phenotypic fluctuations. Also, there is much discussion about whether species diversity saturates over evolutionary time in a given environment ...
Chapter 7 - Ecology, Social Behavior, and Conservation in Zebras
... If conservation biologists can decipher the rules determining how environmental features shape behavior, then they could intervene and manipulate this link by changing human behavior to improve species’ survival prospects, enhance ecosystem function, and improve human livelihoods in environmentally ...
... If conservation biologists can decipher the rules determining how environmental features shape behavior, then they could intervene and manipulate this link by changing human behavior to improve species’ survival prospects, enhance ecosystem function, and improve human livelihoods in environmentally ...
Rapid diversity and abundance decline in a Caribbean coral reef
... a total sponge volume of 33,721 cm3 (2107.6 cm3 per m2), in the 16 m2. The most striking result was the steady loss of species throughout the 14 years census period (Table 1, Fig. 1(a)). Half of the original species (20/39 species) disappeared from the censused community during the study. Only three ...
... a total sponge volume of 33,721 cm3 (2107.6 cm3 per m2), in the 16 m2. The most striking result was the steady loss of species throughout the 14 years census period (Table 1, Fig. 1(a)). Half of the original species (20/39 species) disappeared from the censused community during the study. Only three ...
Ecological Design Process, the Way toward Improve Modern Sustainable Architectural Design
... could be mentioned. In fact these researchers are the first founders of theory bases of sustainable architectures that had been employed fundamentals of sustainable design in own works. Each designer brings us to explore their design process that opens their minds and the techniques which used in p ...
... could be mentioned. In fact these researchers are the first founders of theory bases of sustainable architectures that had been employed fundamentals of sustainable design in own works. Each designer brings us to explore their design process that opens their minds and the techniques which used in p ...
Spatial variation in keystone effects: small mammal diversity
... significantly higher in grasslands with prairie dogs. However, their sample sizes were small (Table 1); the 2 sites with prairie dogs had variable species richness (4 and 10 species), whereas the site without prairie dogs had 6 species (Ceballos et al. 1999). Mellink and Madrigal (1993) reported tha ...
... significantly higher in grasslands with prairie dogs. However, their sample sizes were small (Table 1); the 2 sites with prairie dogs had variable species richness (4 and 10 species), whereas the site without prairie dogs had 6 species (Ceballos et al. 1999). Mellink and Madrigal (1993) reported tha ...
Understanding Mutualism When There is Adaptation to the Partner
... Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. ...
... Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. All rights reserved. ...
Harmful Algal Bloom Strategy Appendix A
... and Ganf (in Whitton and Potts, 2000) described it as follows: “Climatic and meteorological conditions influence the degree of stratification and mixing as well as light and nutrient availability. It is this physical and chemical setting that provides the stage upon which competitive interactions be ...
... and Ganf (in Whitton and Potts, 2000) described it as follows: “Climatic and meteorological conditions influence the degree of stratification and mixing as well as light and nutrient availability. It is this physical and chemical setting that provides the stage upon which competitive interactions be ...
Page numbers can be shown as a footer They are usually of
... The relationship between dung pad size and both adult colonisation and larval development was investigated in an assemblage of north temperate dung beetles (Geotrupes, Aphodius and Sphaeridium) using both dung pads and baited pitfall traps. Dung pad samples revealed a positive relationship between p ...
... The relationship between dung pad size and both adult colonisation and larval development was investigated in an assemblage of north temperate dung beetles (Geotrupes, Aphodius and Sphaeridium) using both dung pads and baited pitfall traps. Dung pad samples revealed a positive relationship between p ...
Variability and shifts in marine ecosystems
... and attributing effects of climate change (whether in distribution, abundance or phenology) (mention Perkinsus – oyster parasite, as a good example which combines observation and modelling to determine causes) The geographic and biotic coverage of this presentation is itself limited ...
... and attributing effects of climate change (whether in distribution, abundance or phenology) (mention Perkinsus – oyster parasite, as a good example which combines observation and modelling to determine causes) The geographic and biotic coverage of this presentation is itself limited ...
Name_______________ ______ Period _____ Natural Selection
... 10.) What controls the phenotype for color in peppered moths? ___________________________________ 11.) What caused the first dark colored peppered moth? _________________________________________ 12.) Why were the number of dark colored peppered moths increasing in populations that were located next ...
... 10.) What controls the phenotype for color in peppered moths? ___________________________________ 11.) What caused the first dark colored peppered moth? _________________________________________ 12.) Why were the number of dark colored peppered moths increasing in populations that were located next ...
APHIDS AND ANTS - underc - University of Notre Dame
... 1999). Because the most studied relationships among ecosystems are those between predator and prey, mutualisms are often ignored or go unnoticed. This makes understanding mutualisms all the more important. The mutualism phenomenon is demonstrated between numerous species on earth, and is often the e ...
... 1999). Because the most studied relationships among ecosystems are those between predator and prey, mutualisms are often ignored or go unnoticed. This makes understanding mutualisms all the more important. The mutualism phenomenon is demonstrated between numerous species on earth, and is often the e ...
Crossing habitat boundaries: coupling dynamics of ecosystems
... To understand the impact of habitat productivity on the ecosystem dynamics, four scenarios are investigated. In the first two scenarios, the productivity in one habitat is varied whereas productivity in the other habitat is kept low. In the latter two scenarios, productivity in one habitat is varied ...
... To understand the impact of habitat productivity on the ecosystem dynamics, four scenarios are investigated. In the first two scenarios, the productivity in one habitat is varied whereas productivity in the other habitat is kept low. In the latter two scenarios, productivity in one habitat is varied ...
Herrera.1979.Oikos
... species according to its value in relation to the cut-point probabilities. Results are shown in Fig. 2. Four species (P. cristatus, P. major, R. ignicapilfus, S. europaea) participated in flocks appreciably more often and in larger numbers than expected on a random basis. Two species (P. collybita, ...
... species according to its value in relation to the cut-point probabilities. Results are shown in Fig. 2. Four species (P. cristatus, P. major, R. ignicapilfus, S. europaea) participated in flocks appreciably more often and in larger numbers than expected on a random basis. Two species (P. collybita, ...
Terrestrial trophic dynamics in the Canadian Arctic
... whether the organization of these tundra communities is predominantly top-down or more bottom-up (Power 1992). We do not think we can fully answer this question with our descriptive data, but we suggest results that can be used to form a set of hypotheses for further investigations. Our results are ...
... whether the organization of these tundra communities is predominantly top-down or more bottom-up (Power 1992). We do not think we can fully answer this question with our descriptive data, but we suggest results that can be used to form a set of hypotheses for further investigations. Our results are ...
Marine Chemical Ecology: Chemical Signals and Cues Structure
... On cruises where DMS and bird densities were recorded, blue petrels and prions were significantly associated with areas where DMS levels were highest (Nevitt 2000). DMS is a predictor of krill grazing and prion and petral diets are composed predominantly of crustaceans, including krill, amphipods, an ...
... On cruises where DMS and bird densities were recorded, blue petrels and prions were significantly associated with areas where DMS levels were highest (Nevitt 2000). DMS is a predictor of krill grazing and prion and petral diets are composed predominantly of crustaceans, including krill, amphipods, an ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.