Bacterial Physiology Lec-8 Catabolism: Tricarboxylic acid cycle
... oxaloacetate, to form citrate and to begin the six–carbon stage. Citrate (a tertiary alcohol) is rearranged to give isocitrate which is oxidized and decarboxylated twice to yield α-ketoglutarate, then succinyl-CoA. 2NADH are formed and 2 carbons are lost from the cycle as CO2 . Because 2 carbons wer ...
... oxaloacetate, to form citrate and to begin the six–carbon stage. Citrate (a tertiary alcohol) is rearranged to give isocitrate which is oxidized and decarboxylated twice to yield α-ketoglutarate, then succinyl-CoA. 2NADH are formed and 2 carbons are lost from the cycle as CO2 . Because 2 carbons wer ...
How Do Amino Acids React to Water and Oil?
... When amino acids are joined together in proteins, only their side chains (also called radicals or residues) are left free to interact with each other and molecules of their surrounding medium (water or lipids). These side chains, therefore, have a strong influence on how the protein behaves in water ...
... When amino acids are joined together in proteins, only their side chains (also called radicals or residues) are left free to interact with each other and molecules of their surrounding medium (water or lipids). These side chains, therefore, have a strong influence on how the protein behaves in water ...
1 Two ATP molecules each give a phosphate group to a glucose
... The protons pass through the ATP synthase channels to cause the production of ATP Photolysis of water provides electrons to replace those lost from chlorophyll Photolysis also yields protons which are taken up by NADP to reduce it to NADPH The products of the light-dependent stage are ATP and NADPH, ...
... The protons pass through the ATP synthase channels to cause the production of ATP Photolysis of water provides electrons to replace those lost from chlorophyll Photolysis also yields protons which are taken up by NADP to reduce it to NADPH The products of the light-dependent stage are ATP and NADPH, ...
Biology - Zanichelli online per la scuola
... Gene: a specific segment of DNA that contains information for making a protein. All the cells of a multicellular organism have the same genome, yet different cells have different functions and structures. Different cells are expressing different parts of the genome. ...
... Gene: a specific segment of DNA that contains information for making a protein. All the cells of a multicellular organism have the same genome, yet different cells have different functions and structures. Different cells are expressing different parts of the genome. ...
DNA Lecture 2
... In the polymer, the terminal nucleotide at one end will have a free 5'-phosphate group whereas the terminal nucleotide at the other end will have a free 3'OH group. The direction of the chain is defined as 5'→3'. Note that when the phosphate group forms a diester linkage there is only one ionizable ...
... In the polymer, the terminal nucleotide at one end will have a free 5'-phosphate group whereas the terminal nucleotide at the other end will have a free 3'OH group. The direction of the chain is defined as 5'→3'. Note that when the phosphate group forms a diester linkage there is only one ionizable ...
Amino Acids
... • All free aa’s plus charged aa’s in peptide chains serve as buffers • Relation b/w the conc. of weak acid and its conjugate base is described by Henderson-Hasselbalch eq. • Buffering occurs within ±1 pH, and max when pH = pKa at which [HA] = [A-] • The α-carbon of each aa (except Gly) is attached t ...
... • All free aa’s plus charged aa’s in peptide chains serve as buffers • Relation b/w the conc. of weak acid and its conjugate base is described by Henderson-Hasselbalch eq. • Buffering occurs within ±1 pH, and max when pH = pKa at which [HA] = [A-] • The α-carbon of each aa (except Gly) is attached t ...
One copy from each parent Each parent passes on a “mixed copy”
... Molecular Cell Biology: Components of the Central Dogma Protein Translation ...
... Molecular Cell Biology: Components of the Central Dogma Protein Translation ...
Anaerobic Pathways Glycolysis
... One alternative endpoint is Alanine. What organism uses that? When? ...
... One alternative endpoint is Alanine. What organism uses that? When? ...
I. Background - Berks Catholic
... 34 ATP’s as a result of electron transport: 3 for every NADH2 (30) 2 for every FADH2 (4) 4 from glycolysis 2 from Kreb’s cycle ...
... 34 ATP’s as a result of electron transport: 3 for every NADH2 (30) 2 for every FADH2 (4) 4 from glycolysis 2 from Kreb’s cycle ...
Bio101 Chapters 5, 6, 7 Practice Quiz Name
... B) Kinetic energy; potential energy 9. ATP contains A) one phosphate group B) two phosphate groups C) three phosphate groups D) four phosphate groups 10. Most of a cell's enzymes are A) lipids. B) proteins. C) amino acids. D) nucleic acids. E) carbohydrates. 11. In cellular respiration, _________ is ...
... B) Kinetic energy; potential energy 9. ATP contains A) one phosphate group B) two phosphate groups C) three phosphate groups D) four phosphate groups 10. Most of a cell's enzymes are A) lipids. B) proteins. C) amino acids. D) nucleic acids. E) carbohydrates. 11. In cellular respiration, _________ is ...
The Biology of
... helix and beta sheets • (A) is example of an alpha helix. The hydrogen bonds (dotted lines) are between oxygen atoms (red) and hydrogen atoms (white) (shown in this case as occurring every fourth pair of amino acids along the protein). • (B) shows examples of beta-sheets held together by hydrogen bo ...
... helix and beta sheets • (A) is example of an alpha helix. The hydrogen bonds (dotted lines) are between oxygen atoms (red) and hydrogen atoms (white) (shown in this case as occurring every fourth pair of amino acids along the protein). • (B) shows examples of beta-sheets held together by hydrogen bo ...
Mitochondria Mitochondria are the organelles that function as the
... sugar units: monosaccharides (such as glucose and fructose), disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose), oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose). The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides, which are small straight-chain aldehydes and ketones with many hy ...
... sugar units: monosaccharides (such as glucose and fructose), disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose), oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose). The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides, which are small straight-chain aldehydes and ketones with many hy ...
CS 262—Lecture 1 Notes • 4-‐5 HWs, 3 late days • (Optional
... • Gene transcription: Transcription factors recognize binding sites in DNA, recruits RNA polymerase o RNA polymerases actually transcribes the DNA strand o Presence or absence of transcription factor dictates whether ...
... • Gene transcription: Transcription factors recognize binding sites in DNA, recruits RNA polymerase o RNA polymerases actually transcribes the DNA strand o Presence or absence of transcription factor dictates whether ...
Lipids
... Glucose is an abundant and very important monosaccharide. It contains six carbon atoms, so it is a hexose sugar. Its general formula is C6H12O6. Glucose is the major energy source for most cells. It is highly soluble and is the main form in which carbohydrates are transported around the body of anim ...
... Glucose is an abundant and very important monosaccharide. It contains six carbon atoms, so it is a hexose sugar. Its general formula is C6H12O6. Glucose is the major energy source for most cells. It is highly soluble and is the main form in which carbohydrates are transported around the body of anim ...
Transfer Form - 2nd Chemistry to 3rd Biochemistry
... Transfer from Second Science Chemistry UCC to Third Science Biochemistry Degree Programme Application Form ...
... Transfer from Second Science Chemistry UCC to Third Science Biochemistry Degree Programme Application Form ...
Chemistry 160 Homework 1
... 11. In mammals, an endproduct of anaerobic metabolism is pyruvate. If the system continues to be anaerobic, pyruvate can be reduced to lactate by the equilibrium shown below: Pyruvate + NADH + H+ => lactate + NAD+ Which way will the system shift under the following conditions: a. Pyruvate is added. ...
... 11. In mammals, an endproduct of anaerobic metabolism is pyruvate. If the system continues to be anaerobic, pyruvate can be reduced to lactate by the equilibrium shown below: Pyruvate + NADH + H+ => lactate + NAD+ Which way will the system shift under the following conditions: a. Pyruvate is added. ...
Jordan University of Science and Technology
... Jordan University of Science and Technology Faculty of Medicine Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Biochemistry M123; Course Description and Objectives: This course deals with structure and properties of biomolecules, such as amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic ac ...
... Jordan University of Science and Technology Faculty of Medicine Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Biochemistry M123; Course Description and Objectives: This course deals with structure and properties of biomolecules, such as amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic ac ...
Tutorial Kit (Biochemistry-300 L)
... cofactors and they can be, for example, organic ions like mineral salts, or organic molecules. Inactive enzymes which are not bound to their cofactors are called apoenzymes. Active enzymes bound to their cofactors are called holoenzymes. 9. What is the relationship between vitamins and enzyme cofact ...
... cofactors and they can be, for example, organic ions like mineral salts, or organic molecules. Inactive enzymes which are not bound to their cofactors are called apoenzymes. Active enzymes bound to their cofactors are called holoenzymes. 9. What is the relationship between vitamins and enzyme cofact ...
From Genes to Proteins
... Keratin is one of the proteins in hair. The gene for keratin is transcribed and translated by certain skin cells. The series of letters on the next slide represents the sequence of nucleotides in a portion of an mRNA molecule transcribed from the gene for keratin. This mRNA strand and the genetic co ...
... Keratin is one of the proteins in hair. The gene for keratin is transcribed and translated by certain skin cells. The series of letters on the next slide represents the sequence of nucleotides in a portion of an mRNA molecule transcribed from the gene for keratin. This mRNA strand and the genetic co ...
SBI4U: Respiration and Photosynthesis Test
... B. It excites the electrons that leave chlorophyl molecules C. It causes the carbon dioxide to combine with hydrogen atoms D. It produces NADPH ...
... B. It excites the electrons that leave chlorophyl molecules C. It causes the carbon dioxide to combine with hydrogen atoms D. It produces NADPH ...
Biochemistry
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Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine to genetics are engaged in biochemical research. Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is in understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of whole organisms.Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life. Depending on the exact definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate and study molecular biology.Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life. The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions. These can be inorganic, for example water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids which are used to synthesize proteins. The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of disease. In nutrition, they study how to maintain health and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control.