Introduction - Cedar Crest College
... When there is an insufficient supply of oxygen, a cell cannot reoxidize cytochrome c. Then QH2 cannot be oxidized back to Q, and soon all the Q is reduced. This continues until the entire respiratory chain is reduced. NAD+ and FAD are not generated from their reduced form. Pyruvate oxidation stops, ...
... When there is an insufficient supply of oxygen, a cell cannot reoxidize cytochrome c. Then QH2 cannot be oxidized back to Q, and soon all the Q is reduced. This continues until the entire respiratory chain is reduced. NAD+ and FAD are not generated from their reduced form. Pyruvate oxidation stops, ...
Introduction - Evergreen State College Archives
... When there is an insufficient supply of oxygen, a cell cannot reoxidize cytochrome c. Then QH2 cannot be oxidized back to Q, and soon all the Q is reduced. This continues until the entire respiratory chain is reduced. NAD+ and FAD are not generated from their reduced form. Pyruvate oxidation stops, ...
... When there is an insufficient supply of oxygen, a cell cannot reoxidize cytochrome c. Then QH2 cannot be oxidized back to Q, and soon all the Q is reduced. This continues until the entire respiratory chain is reduced. NAD+ and FAD are not generated from their reduced form. Pyruvate oxidation stops, ...
BY 330 Spring 2015Worksheet 4 Name the substrate ligand and
... 3. What is the most powerful modulator of phosofructokinase and how does it originate and work? Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate – turns on PFK (positive modulator). Made from fructose-6-phosphate (PFK2 catalyzes this reaction and glucose-6phosphate turns PFK2 on). 4. How are alanine and citrate important ...
... 3. What is the most powerful modulator of phosofructokinase and how does it originate and work? Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate – turns on PFK (positive modulator). Made from fructose-6-phosphate (PFK2 catalyzes this reaction and glucose-6phosphate turns PFK2 on). 4. How are alanine and citrate important ...
Cell Respiration - Biology Junction
... 2. Substrates making up pathways can be used as starting materials for synthetic reactions. 3. The molecules used for biosynthesis constitute the cell’s metabolic pool. 4. Carbohydrates can result in fat synthesis: G3P converts to glycerol, acetyl groups join to form fatty acids. 5. Some metabolites ...
... 2. Substrates making up pathways can be used as starting materials for synthetic reactions. 3. The molecules used for biosynthesis constitute the cell’s metabolic pool. 4. Carbohydrates can result in fat synthesis: G3P converts to glycerol, acetyl groups join to form fatty acids. 5. Some metabolites ...
Chapter 1
... • Proteins are linear polymers of L-a-amino acids – Carboxyl group of one amino acid is linked to the amino group of another amino acid – Linkage is an amide bond or peptide linkage – This reaction is a dehydration reaction as water is ...
... • Proteins are linear polymers of L-a-amino acids – Carboxyl group of one amino acid is linked to the amino group of another amino acid – Linkage is an amide bond or peptide linkage – This reaction is a dehydration reaction as water is ...
CH2 Organic Chem notes only OrganicChem13
... Carbohydrates: C, H, and O ratio near 1:2:1 Main function ENERGY!!! Monosaccharides: simplest, glucose; most important metabolic fuel source C6 H12 O6 ...
... Carbohydrates: C, H, and O ratio near 1:2:1 Main function ENERGY!!! Monosaccharides: simplest, glucose; most important metabolic fuel source C6 H12 O6 ...
The Chemistry of Cells
... DNA was iden tified as the genetic material in experiments done by A. Mendel. B. Beadle and Tatum. C. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty. D. Watson and Crick. ...
... DNA was iden tified as the genetic material in experiments done by A. Mendel. B. Beadle and Tatum. C. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty. D. Watson and Crick. ...
f212 biological molecules
... • The Polar R groups of proteins interact with water forming hydrogen bonds that face outwards, This creates a hydrophobic core to the molecule • When proteins are heated these bonds break, the tertiary structure changes and the protein does not function. • The destruction of shape or loss of functi ...
... • The Polar R groups of proteins interact with water forming hydrogen bonds that face outwards, This creates a hydrophobic core to the molecule • When proteins are heated these bonds break, the tertiary structure changes and the protein does not function. • The destruction of shape or loss of functi ...
ALD
... brain and the adrenal glands. Ultimately the myelin sheath surrounding the nerves is destroyed causing neurologic problems, and the adrenal gland malfunction causes Addison’s Disease. While some VLCFA that accumulate come from the diet, they are derived mainly from production within the body. The ac ...
... brain and the adrenal glands. Ultimately the myelin sheath surrounding the nerves is destroyed causing neurologic problems, and the adrenal gland malfunction causes Addison’s Disease. While some VLCFA that accumulate come from the diet, they are derived mainly from production within the body. The ac ...
6.4 and 6.5 FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES Factors
... i.e. the chemical properties of the substance (not the physical properties such as solid, liquid or gas) for example, the bonding (double vs. single vs. triple -‐ or in other words saturated vs. un ...
... i.e. the chemical properties of the substance (not the physical properties such as solid, liquid or gas) for example, the bonding (double vs. single vs. triple -‐ or in other words saturated vs. un ...
Cellular Respiration
... Cellular Respiration 4: Respiration • Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. • Two main types of respiration exist in living things. Both begin with glycolysis. Glycolysis: a process by which one glucose molecule is broken down into ...
... Cellular Respiration 4: Respiration • Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. • Two main types of respiration exist in living things. Both begin with glycolysis. Glycolysis: a process by which one glucose molecule is broken down into ...
3. Proteins Classification (2017)
... However, the bonds between the á-carbons and the á-amino or ácarboxyl groups can be freely rotated (although they are limited by the size and character of the R-groups). This allows the polypeptide chain to assume a ...
... However, the bonds between the á-carbons and the á-amino or ácarboxyl groups can be freely rotated (although they are limited by the size and character of the R-groups). This allows the polypeptide chain to assume a ...
How do digestive enzymes work
... proteins, and lipases break down lipids. Further (Flightpath C&B ): To be able to explain why enzymes are needed for digestion. For each food molecule, name the enzyme that acts on it, where it is produced, and which products are formed. Challenge Flightpath A):to be able to suggest how to test for ...
... proteins, and lipases break down lipids. Further (Flightpath C&B ): To be able to explain why enzymes are needed for digestion. For each food molecule, name the enzyme that acts on it, where it is produced, and which products are formed. Challenge Flightpath A):to be able to suggest how to test for ...
Today`s Objective: SOL 3.d
... Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 Pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 in a series of energy-extracting reactions The first compound formed in this series of reactions is citric acid This is the stage that is the source of all the CO2 that you exhale ...
... Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 Pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 in a series of energy-extracting reactions The first compound formed in this series of reactions is citric acid This is the stage that is the source of all the CO2 that you exhale ...
Fatty Acid and Phospholipid Class Activity 1. Draw the skeletal
... e. Sketch a lipid bilayer that shows how cholesterol is a participant in the structure. Remember to take into account that each phospholipid contains one unsaturated fatty acid. ...
... e. Sketch a lipid bilayer that shows how cholesterol is a participant in the structure. Remember to take into account that each phospholipid contains one unsaturated fatty acid. ...
Structures of Proteins Primary structure
... Structures of Proteins Primary structure - amino acid sequence Secondary structure – chain of covalently linked amino acids folds into regularly repeating structures. Secondary structure is the result of hydrogen bonding between the amide hydrogens and carbonyl oxygens of the peptide bonds. Two comm ...
... Structures of Proteins Primary structure - amino acid sequence Secondary structure – chain of covalently linked amino acids folds into regularly repeating structures. Secondary structure is the result of hydrogen bonding between the amide hydrogens and carbonyl oxygens of the peptide bonds. Two comm ...
Aerobic respiration
... • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor! • Oxygen combines with 2H+ and two electrons to form H2O! • Oxygen keeps the electrons moving through the chain! Without oxygen the electron transport chain would stop! No ATP would be generated! ...
... • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor! • Oxygen combines with 2H+ and two electrons to form H2O! • Oxygen keeps the electrons moving through the chain! Without oxygen the electron transport chain would stop! No ATP would be generated! ...
Name
... 3. DNA is named for which part of the molecule it contains (hint: RNA contains a different one of these) 4. What two scientists are given credit for determining the structure of DNA? 5. What are the two base-pairing rules for DNA? 6. Build the bottom side of the DNA molecule on the right: 7. The enz ...
... 3. DNA is named for which part of the molecule it contains (hint: RNA contains a different one of these) 4. What two scientists are given credit for determining the structure of DNA? 5. What are the two base-pairing rules for DNA? 6. Build the bottom side of the DNA molecule on the right: 7. The enz ...
Chapter 8
... • Excess fats (including those made from carbohydrates) are stored away in cells of adipose tissue • Fats are digested into glycerol, which enters glycolysis, and fatty acids, which enter the Kreb Cycle • Fatty acids have more carbon and hydrogen atoms, they degraded more slowly and yield greater am ...
... • Excess fats (including those made from carbohydrates) are stored away in cells of adipose tissue • Fats are digested into glycerol, which enters glycolysis, and fatty acids, which enter the Kreb Cycle • Fatty acids have more carbon and hydrogen atoms, they degraded more slowly and yield greater am ...
Ch. 4: ATP and Cellular Respiration
... Energy • Stored in chemical bonds of compounds. • Compounds that store energy: ATP, NADH and FADH2. • When bonds are broken, energy is released. ...
... Energy • Stored in chemical bonds of compounds. • Compounds that store energy: ATP, NADH and FADH2. • When bonds are broken, energy is released. ...
Catabolism of the branched
... • The branched-chain amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, and valine, are essential amino acids. • In contrast to other amino acids, they are metabolized primarily by the peripheral tissues (particularly muscle), rather than by the liver. • They are oxidized as fuels primarily in muscle, adipose, kidne ...
... • The branched-chain amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, and valine, are essential amino acids. • In contrast to other amino acids, they are metabolized primarily by the peripheral tissues (particularly muscle), rather than by the liver. • They are oxidized as fuels primarily in muscle, adipose, kidne ...
The Chemistry of Life
... result in a folded region referred as the secondary structure. Secondary structure includes helices (coils) and sheets (pleated folds) – Tertiary structure describes the folding of an entire polypeptide chain. Interactions between the R groups of the polypeptide chain determine the overall shape of ...
... result in a folded region referred as the secondary structure. Secondary structure includes helices (coils) and sheets (pleated folds) – Tertiary structure describes the folding of an entire polypeptide chain. Interactions between the R groups of the polypeptide chain determine the overall shape of ...
Biochemistry
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Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine to genetics are engaged in biochemical research. Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is in understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of whole organisms.Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life. Depending on the exact definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate and study molecular biology.Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life. The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions. These can be inorganic, for example water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids which are used to synthesize proteins. The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of disease. In nutrition, they study how to maintain health and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control.