Risks of future Earthquake- and extreme hydrological
... least to climate change. Since 2000, more than 100 million people in the region have been impacted by natural disasters. The region loses an estimated 0.3% of its GDP to disasters annually, with some countries incurring annual losses of up to 2 % of GDP. The two major natural disasters in the last d ...
... least to climate change. Since 2000, more than 100 million people in the region have been impacted by natural disasters. The region loses an estimated 0.3% of its GDP to disasters annually, with some countries incurring annual losses of up to 2 % of GDP. The two major natural disasters in the last d ...
EARTHQUAKE WAVES
... Their speed depend on how easily the material can be compressed, how rigid it is, and its density. They are the fastest waves, and thus the first to arrive, travelling at speeds of 4-7 km/sec in the earth’s crust. They sometimes hit houses with a boom of sound which rattles windows, but they general ...
... Their speed depend on how easily the material can be compressed, how rigid it is, and its density. They are the fastest waves, and thus the first to arrive, travelling at speeds of 4-7 km/sec in the earth’s crust. They sometimes hit houses with a boom of sound which rattles windows, but they general ...
Asymmetric Earth: mechanisms of plate tectonics and earthquakes∗
... to the mantle. They are decoupled at a depth varying between and km (average km), in the low–velocity layer, where seismic waves slow down because of the presence of some percentage of melt in the mantle peridotites (Green et al., ; Hirschmann, ; Anderson, ; Schmerr, ). Th ...
... to the mantle. They are decoupled at a depth varying between and km (average km), in the low–velocity layer, where seismic waves slow down because of the presence of some percentage of melt in the mantle peridotites (Green et al., ; Hirschmann, ; Anderson, ; Schmerr, ). Th ...
Seismic Waves File
... indirectly ‘see’ into the depths of the Earth and tell us about its structure. Earthquakes Earthquakes happen when rocks suddenly fracture and move. The tremendous energy released during the fracturing process makes the ground vibrate and it is these vibrations that travel away from the focus of the ...
... indirectly ‘see’ into the depths of the Earth and tell us about its structure. Earthquakes Earthquakes happen when rocks suddenly fracture and move. The tremendous energy released during the fracturing process makes the ground vibrate and it is these vibrations that travel away from the focus of the ...
Frequently Asked Questions – Tsunamis in Antigua
... occurring both within and outside of the region. In 1755 the Great Lisbon earthquake near Portugal caused a tsunami “as high as the upper storey’s of houses” on the east coast of Martinique. Waves 2m high were also observed at the east coast of Barbados. ...
... occurring both within and outside of the region. In 1755 the Great Lisbon earthquake near Portugal caused a tsunami “as high as the upper storey’s of houses” on the east coast of Martinique. Waves 2m high were also observed at the east coast of Barbados. ...
Active Pacific North America Plate boundary tectonics as evidenced
... the rupture front speed are prescribed, and the rake angle is varied within ±45◦ of the prescribed rake angle. The best constraint on the centroid depth can be obtained by the depth phases (near-source surface reflections), but there are always trade-offs between the source waveform and depth phases ...
... the rupture front speed are prescribed, and the rake angle is varied within ±45◦ of the prescribed rake angle. The best constraint on the centroid depth can be obtained by the depth phases (near-source surface reflections), but there are always trade-offs between the source waveform and depth phases ...
What is the Lithosphere
... that the lower crust deforms in many tectonic settings and may act as a decoupling zone, but there is little direct evidence constraining the rheological behavior of the underlying mantle except when subduction is involved. The mantle may be stiffer than the overlying crust, but it could still be i ...
... that the lower crust deforms in many tectonic settings and may act as a decoupling zone, but there is little direct evidence constraining the rheological behavior of the underlying mantle except when subduction is involved. The mantle may be stiffer than the overlying crust, but it could still be i ...
Geological Disasters
... nature, and man-made structures on a scale from I (not felt) to XII (total destruction). Values depend upon the distance to the earthquake, with the highest intensities being around the epicentral area. Data gathered from people who have experienced the quake are used to determine an intensity value ...
... nature, and man-made structures on a scale from I (not felt) to XII (total destruction). Values depend upon the distance to the earthquake, with the highest intensities being around the epicentral area. Data gathered from people who have experienced the quake are used to determine an intensity value ...
C:\Users\Jim\Documents\usb key\my stuff from Tardis\Seismic
... Because the rocks move so fast, they overshoot their equilibrium position (where they would be if the fault had not locked up), they rebound, and they end up vibrating back and forth like a spring that has been plucked. These vibrational seismic waves are what produces the destruction that can accom ...
... Because the rocks move so fast, they overshoot their equilibrium position (where they would be if the fault had not locked up), they rebound, and they end up vibrating back and forth like a spring that has been plucked. These vibrational seismic waves are what produces the destruction that can accom ...
the 1985 mexico earthquake
... Gutenberg and Richter (1954, in UMAM seismology group, 1986), based on the location of earthquake on June 7, 191.1, .(Ms = 7,9~, pointed out a gap of high seismic potential In the region. The literature indicates that the intensity pattern of the 1911 events is similar with the epicenter near coasta ...
... Gutenberg and Richter (1954, in UMAM seismology group, 1986), based on the location of earthquake on June 7, 191.1, .(Ms = 7,9~, pointed out a gap of high seismic potential In the region. The literature indicates that the intensity pattern of the 1911 events is similar with the epicenter near coasta ...
A comprehensive model of the deformation process in the Nagamachi-Rifu
... around the NRFZ. Further, the short aseismic fault with a small dip angle is also not consistent with the observations, since the total force acting on the fault is not large enough to generate a large slip. It seems that the model with the weak zone in the upper portion in the lower crust (model No ...
... around the NRFZ. Further, the short aseismic fault with a small dip angle is also not consistent with the observations, since the total force acting on the fault is not large enough to generate a large slip. It seems that the model with the weak zone in the upper portion in the lower crust (model No ...
Week 2 Essential Reading
... fact, the concern of all education is the environment of man. However, man cannot exist or be understood in isolation from the other forms oflife and from plant life. Hence, environment refers to the sum total of condition, which surround point in space and time. The scope of the term Environment ha ...
... fact, the concern of all education is the environment of man. However, man cannot exist or be understood in isolation from the other forms oflife and from plant life. Hence, environment refers to the sum total of condition, which surround point in space and time. The scope of the term Environment ha ...
1) Which statement correctly compares seismic P
... The diagram below shows three seismograms of the same earthquake recorded at three different seismic stations, X, Y, and Z. The distances from each seismic station to the earthquake epicenter have been drawn on the map. A coordinate system has been placed on the map to describe locations. [The map s ...
... The diagram below shows three seismograms of the same earthquake recorded at three different seismic stations, X, Y, and Z. The distances from each seismic station to the earthquake epicenter have been drawn on the map. A coordinate system has been placed on the map to describe locations. [The map s ...
File - Ms. Fergus Science
... Finding the Epicenter: The Tortoise and the HareSeismographs are located all over the world. A seismograph station in Montana can pick up an earthquake occurring in California. If the earthquake is really strong, seismograph stations all over the world can also record this same earthquake. Why? Bec ...
... Finding the Epicenter: The Tortoise and the HareSeismographs are located all over the world. A seismograph station in Montana can pick up an earthquake occurring in California. If the earthquake is really strong, seismograph stations all over the world can also record this same earthquake. Why? Bec ...
Geological and geophysical evidence for large
... et al. 1994). The Roer Graben is bordered by two main NNW– SSE-trending Quaternary normal fault systems, the Peel Boundary Fault to the east and the Feldbiss fault zone to the west. The results of modelling the gravimetric anomaly at the western border of the graben using the method of Rasmussen & P ...
... et al. 1994). The Roer Graben is bordered by two main NNW– SSE-trending Quaternary normal fault systems, the Peel Boundary Fault to the east and the Feldbiss fault zone to the west. The results of modelling the gravimetric anomaly at the western border of the graben using the method of Rasmussen & P ...
Sample Chapter
... the ocean’s volcanic mountain chains but lies more than 100 km (about 60 mi) below the surface in other areas. It has gradational upper and lower boundaries and is about 250-km (155-mi) thick. What are the effects of having this “plastic” zone so near the Earth’s exterior? There is a lot of flowage ...
... the ocean’s volcanic mountain chains but lies more than 100 km (about 60 mi) below the surface in other areas. It has gradational upper and lower boundaries and is about 250-km (155-mi) thick. What are the effects of having this “plastic” zone so near the Earth’s exterior? There is a lot of flowage ...
Earthquake Depths
... Copy and define Key Terms in a foldable, or on index cards: plate tectonics, plates, lithosphere, asthenosphere, faults, earthquake, normal fault, reverse fault, strike-slip fault, seismic waves, focus, primary waves, secondary waves, surface waves, epicenter, seismograph, On page 154 read the poem ...
... Copy and define Key Terms in a foldable, or on index cards: plate tectonics, plates, lithosphere, asthenosphere, faults, earthquake, normal fault, reverse fault, strike-slip fault, seismic waves, focus, primary waves, secondary waves, surface waves, epicenter, seismograph, On page 154 read the poem ...
The July 17, 2006 West Java Earthquake and Tsunami
... Different types of magnitude determinations for this event reflect different aspects of the size of the earthquake. Locally, the Indonesia Meteorological and Geophysical Agency (BMG) reported a magnitude mb=6.8 determined from short-period instruments. USGS quickly announced that the magnitudes for ...
... Different types of magnitude determinations for this event reflect different aspects of the size of the earthquake. Locally, the Indonesia Meteorological and Geophysical Agency (BMG) reported a magnitude mb=6.8 determined from short-period instruments. USGS quickly announced that the magnitudes for ...
Document
... It is important to realise that when igneous rocks are being classified, quite often they do not fall neatly into individual categories. This is because mineral composition between rocks varies along a continuum and gradually changes from one category into the next. ...
... It is important to realise that when igneous rocks are being classified, quite often they do not fall neatly into individual categories. This is because mineral composition between rocks varies along a continuum and gradually changes from one category into the next. ...
Seismic Velocity Structure along the Western Segment of the North
... obtained P and S wave velocity models, we further calculate Poisson’s ratio for a more reliable interpretation of the imaged seismic anomalies. With the exception of high-velocity anomalies detected at a depth of 2 km, prominent low-velocity zones are clearly visible along most parts of the studied ...
... obtained P and S wave velocity models, we further calculate Poisson’s ratio for a more reliable interpretation of the imaged seismic anomalies. With the exception of high-velocity anomalies detected at a depth of 2 km, prominent low-velocity zones are clearly visible along most parts of the studied ...
Slow strain waves in blocky geological media from GPS and
... spatial relationship between separate seismic clusters during a year was revealed and taken into account. Based on statistical distributions of earthquakes, the analysis of seismicity maxima passage over easterly–westerly arranged clusters has been performed. The basic data were derived from the Ear ...
... spatial relationship between separate seismic clusters during a year was revealed and taken into account. Based on statistical distributions of earthquakes, the analysis of seismicity maxima passage over easterly–westerly arranged clusters has been performed. The basic data were derived from the Ear ...
Earthquake fault of the 26 May 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake
... On 26 May 2006 at 22:54 UTC, the Yogyakarta earthquake occurred with a left-lateral strike-slip mechanism (see Harvard-CMT, 2006; Nakano et al., 2006; NEIC-FMT, 2006; Yagi, 2006). The U.S. Geological Survey estimated the magnitude of the earthquake as Mw 6.3 (USGS Preliminary Earthquake Report, 2006 ...
... On 26 May 2006 at 22:54 UTC, the Yogyakarta earthquake occurred with a left-lateral strike-slip mechanism (see Harvard-CMT, 2006; Nakano et al., 2006; NEIC-FMT, 2006; Yagi, 2006). The U.S. Geological Survey estimated the magnitude of the earthquake as Mw 6.3 (USGS Preliminary Earthquake Report, 2006 ...
Lifting earthquake-affected buildings in Christchurch
... plumbing it against the wall of a building will mitigate the risk of slippage or lateral movement. g. Lifting – a competent person with sufficient training and/ or experience must supervise a jacking operation. Personnel should not be under the building while it is being lifted. Once a building is ...
... plumbing it against the wall of a building will mitigate the risk of slippage or lateral movement. g. Lifting – a competent person with sufficient training and/ or experience must supervise a jacking operation. Personnel should not be under the building while it is being lifted. Once a building is ...
Plate Tectonics: Note 2 T. Seno (Earthquake Res Inst, Univ of Tokyo
... There are transform faults in the land area. The San Andreas fault, US, the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, and the North Anatolian fault, Turkey, are such examples. Although they are strike-slip faults in the continent, they are different from usual intraplate strike-slip faults, because they mark a bou ...
... There are transform faults in the land area. The San Andreas fault, US, the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, and the North Anatolian fault, Turkey, are such examples. Although they are strike-slip faults in the continent, they are different from usual intraplate strike-slip faults, because they mark a bou ...
Volcanic activity before and after large tectonic
... diffusion (Brodsky et al., 1998), and shear strain (Sumita and Manga, 2008). Some of these mechanisms may have limited relevance (Pyle and Pyle, 1995; Ichihara and Brodsky, 2006), and are thoroughly reviewed in Manga and Brodsky (2006). In summary, no consensus exists on what might be the ultimate m ...
... diffusion (Brodsky et al., 1998), and shear strain (Sumita and Manga, 2008). Some of these mechanisms may have limited relevance (Pyle and Pyle, 1995; Ichihara and Brodsky, 2006), and are thoroughly reviewed in Manga and Brodsky (2006). In summary, no consensus exists on what might be the ultimate m ...
Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, which can be violent enough to destroy major buildings and kill thousands of people. The severity of the shaking can range from barely felt to violent enough to toss people around. Earthquakes have destroyed whole cities. They result from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter magnitude scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2014), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.