Analytical Note - European Commission
... economic development of several euro area members until today, had many roots and origins. While several of them are common to all industrialised countries, some of them are more strongly present in the euro area where they prolonged and intensified the effects of the crisis. At the onset, the crisi ...
... economic development of several euro area members until today, had many roots and origins. While several of them are common to all industrialised countries, some of them are more strongly present in the euro area where they prolonged and intensified the effects of the crisis. At the onset, the crisi ...
... introducing a tax system based on resource consumption rather than only on income and labour, developing countries can pursue a cleaner and more efficient development path. A large share of the infrastructure required in the region still needs to be developed – this provides a unique opportunity to ...
Proposals for the statistical definition and measurement of
... interchangeably to describe companies, people or technologies that do ‘greenish’ things. They do not mean the same thing, however. Although these terms are not synonymous, all approaches do go in the same direction: showing a path towards a new economic model that is based on ecologically compatible ...
... interchangeably to describe companies, people or technologies that do ‘greenish’ things. They do not mean the same thing, however. Although these terms are not synonymous, all approaches do go in the same direction: showing a path towards a new economic model that is based on ecologically compatible ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C.
... an outflow of funds from banks; this disintermediation greatly restricted the funds available for lending. Without this regulation, increases in market rates push up the cost of funds but do not suddenly curtail their supply. Other policy changes have improved financial institutions’ ability to offe ...
... an outflow of funds from banks; this disintermediation greatly restricted the funds available for lending. Without this regulation, increases in market rates push up the cost of funds but do not suddenly curtail their supply. Other policy changes have improved financial institutions’ ability to offe ...
estimates for the five countries, 2000–2015
... and retirees, and a highly restrictive immigration policy that precludes one possible source of relief from these trends, while continued social constraints on women in the work place inhibit another. ...
... and retirees, and a highly restrictive immigration policy that precludes one possible source of relief from these trends, while continued social constraints on women in the work place inhibit another. ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... National Bureau of Economic Research
... effective measures that capture the extent of capital market integration. What has been particularly challenging has been constructing indexes that allow for useful comparisons across countries and across time.5 In order to analyze the evolution of capital account restrictions, I constructed a new in ...
... effective measures that capture the extent of capital market integration. What has been particularly challenging has been constructing indexes that allow for useful comparisons across countries and across time.5 In order to analyze the evolution of capital account restrictions, I constructed a new in ...
Retirement at 69 – a Matter of Reason and Fairness German
... earnings and an improved profit situation. Based on this scenario, the upward trend in private consumption expenditures is likely to persist, while investment activity will also continue at an elevated level, even if the growth rates seen recently cannot be maintained. In sum, we expect real GDP to g ...
... earnings and an improved profit situation. Based on this scenario, the upward trend in private consumption expenditures is likely to persist, while investment activity will also continue at an elevated level, even if the growth rates seen recently cannot be maintained. In sum, we expect real GDP to g ...
AP-Macro-Unit-2-Summary
... standard of living? Standard of living (or quality of life) can be measured, in part, by how well the economy is doing… But it needs to be adjusted to reflect the size of the nation’s population. Real GDP per capita (per person) • Real GDP per capita is real GDP divided by the total population. It i ...
... standard of living? Standard of living (or quality of life) can be measured, in part, by how well the economy is doing… But it needs to be adjusted to reflect the size of the nation’s population. Real GDP per capita (per person) • Real GDP per capita is real GDP divided by the total population. It i ...
The Yield Curve in a Small Open Economy February 2010
... Long-term nominal interest rates in a number of inflation-targeting small-open economies, such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom, have moved very closely with those of the United States over the past fifteen years or so. Figure 1 shows the pattern of interest r ...
... Long-term nominal interest rates in a number of inflation-targeting small-open economies, such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom, have moved very closely with those of the United States over the past fifteen years or so. Figure 1 shows the pattern of interest r ...
Financial development, real sector output, and economic growth
... economy should grow at constant rates. In particular, the real and financial sector should grow at commensurate rates. Whenever either sector grows disproportionately, the growth of total output of the economy will be affected. In order to prevent build-up of financial instability, the sectors that ...
... economy should grow at constant rates. In particular, the real and financial sector should grow at commensurate rates. Whenever either sector grows disproportionately, the growth of total output of the economy will be affected. In order to prevent build-up of financial instability, the sectors that ...
Chapter 21: The U.S. Economy and the World
... As demand increases, companies build new factories and hire more workers. Jobs are lost when companies move to foreign countries for inexpensive labor. ...
... As demand increases, companies build new factories and hire more workers. Jobs are lost when companies move to foreign countries for inexpensive labor. ...
Economic Analysis National Economy
... Economic Analysis National Economy In fiscal year 2009-10 the national economy was very weak, as it slowly emerged from what many economists consider to be the worst recession in both duration and magnitude since the 1930s. The U.S. economy was characterized by a modest increase in real Gross Domest ...
... Economic Analysis National Economy In fiscal year 2009-10 the national economy was very weak, as it slowly emerged from what many economists consider to be the worst recession in both duration and magnitude since the 1930s. The U.S. economy was characterized by a modest increase in real Gross Domest ...
Chapter 27: Household and Firm Behavior in the
... Productivity and the Business Cycle • Productivity, or labor productivity, is defined as output per worker hour (Y/H); the amount of output produced by an average worker in 1 hour. • Productivity tends to rise during expansions and fall during contractions. • During expansions, output rises by a la ...
... Productivity and the Business Cycle • Productivity, or labor productivity, is defined as output per worker hour (Y/H); the amount of output produced by an average worker in 1 hour. • Productivity tends to rise during expansions and fall during contractions. • During expansions, output rises by a la ...
this report - Brookings Institution
... integration. Following one such event—the U.K.’s Brexit vote in June—The Economist magazine reported, in a funereal tone, that globalization now seems to be receding, inspiring comparisons with the rise and fall of globalization a century ago.1 Globalization’s first wave, which lasted from 1870 to 1 ...
... integration. Following one such event—the U.K.’s Brexit vote in June—The Economist magazine reported, in a funereal tone, that globalization now seems to be receding, inspiring comparisons with the rise and fall of globalization a century ago.1 Globalization’s first wave, which lasted from 1870 to 1 ...
Trade Policy and America`s Standard of Living: An Historical
... Are they correct in general, over the entire span of American tariff history? That is too big a question. Instead, the latter part of this paper analyzes a similar but smaller question: is it plausible to believe that the tariffs levied on manufacturing imports in the late nineteenth century induced ...
... Are they correct in general, over the entire span of American tariff history? That is too big a question. Instead, the latter part of this paper analyzes a similar but smaller question: is it plausible to believe that the tariffs levied on manufacturing imports in the late nineteenth century induced ...
Transformation in economics
Transformation in economics refers to a long-term change in dominant economic activity in terms of prevailing relative engagement or employment of able individuals.Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the ""normal"" state, trend or development. Among them are Disturbance (short-term disruption, temporary disorder), Perturbation (persistent or repeated divergence, predicament, decline or crisis), Deformation (damage, regime change, loss of self-sustainability, distortion), Transformation (long-term change, restructuring, conversion, new “normal”) and Renewal (rebirth, transmutation, corso-ricorso, renaissance, new beginning).Transformation is a unidirectional and irreversible change in dominant human economic activity (economic sector). Such change is driven by slower or faster continuous improvement in sector productivity growth rate. Productivity growth itself is fueled by advances in technology, inflow of useful innovations, accumulated practical knowledge and experience, levels of education, viability of institutions, quality of decision making and organized human effort. Individual sector transformations are the outcomes of human socio-economic evolution.Human economic activity has so far undergone at least four fundamental transformations:From nomadic hunting and gathering (H/G) to localized agricultureFrom localized agriculture (A) to internationalized industryFrom international industry (I) to global servicesFrom global services (S) to public sector (including government, welfare and unemployment, GWU)This evolution naturally proceeds from securing necessary food, through producing useful things, to providing helpful services, both private and public (See H/G→A→I→S→GWU sequence in Fig. 1). Accelerating productivity growth rates speed up the transformations, from millennia, through centuries, to decades of the recent era. It is this acceleration which makes transformation relevant economic category of today, more fundamental in its impact than any recession, crisis or depression. The evolution of four forms of capital (Indicated in Fig. 1) accompanies all economic transformations.Transformation is quite different from accompanying cyclical recessions and crises, despite the similarity of manifested phenomena (unemployment, technology shifts, socio-political discontent, bankruptcies, etc.). However, the tools and interventions used to combat crisis are clearly ineffective for coping with non-cyclical transformations. The problem is whether we face a mere crisis or a fundamental transformation (globalization→relocalization).