Economic Effects of Reductions in Defense Outlays Executive Summary by Benjamin Zycher
... what economists call “structural unemployment.” It is the result of changes in the underlying economic conditions of demand and supply that yield shifts in the relative price signals inducing resources to flow toward and away from various sectors. In other words, as demand and supply conditions chan ...
... what economists call “structural unemployment.” It is the result of changes in the underlying economic conditions of demand and supply that yield shifts in the relative price signals inducing resources to flow toward and away from various sectors. In other words, as demand and supply conditions chan ...
Kangur - European Commission
... on the development and application of macro modelling to the evaluation of the impacts of National Development Plans (NDPs) and Community Support Frameworks (CSFs). This work started in Ireland in 1989, driven by the evaluation needs of CSF 1989-93, was then extended via international collaborative ...
... on the development and application of macro modelling to the evaluation of the impacts of National Development Plans (NDPs) and Community Support Frameworks (CSFs). This work started in Ireland in 1989, driven by the evaluation needs of CSF 1989-93, was then extended via international collaborative ...
The Impact of Regional and Sectoral Productivity Changes on the
... prising land and structures. As emphasized by Blanchard and Katz (1992), labor is allowed to move across both regions and sectors. Land and structures can be used by any sector but are …xed locally. Sectors are interconnected by way of input-output linkages but, in contrast to Long and Plosser (198 ...
... prising land and structures. As emphasized by Blanchard and Katz (1992), labor is allowed to move across both regions and sectors. Land and structures can be used by any sector but are …xed locally. Sectors are interconnected by way of input-output linkages but, in contrast to Long and Plosser (198 ...
The Macroeconomics of Job
... consumption-oriented redistribution may be unsustainable (and ultimately counterproductive). Yet attempts to maintain the status quo may foment severe political and social unrest, and lead to economic stagnation. ...
... consumption-oriented redistribution may be unsustainable (and ultimately counterproductive). Yet attempts to maintain the status quo may foment severe political and social unrest, and lead to economic stagnation. ...
Investment, Capacity, and Uncertainty: A Putty-Clay Approach 1 FRBSF Working Paper 2002-03
... equilibrium implications. The partial equilibrium analysis focuses on the intensive margin where the decision is how much to invest per project, while the general equilibrium analysis takes into account movements in relative prices and investment on the extensive margin that occurs through new entry ...
... equilibrium implications. The partial equilibrium analysis focuses on the intensive margin where the decision is how much to invest per project, while the general equilibrium analysis takes into account movements in relative prices and investment on the extensive margin that occurs through new entry ...
GE05-Riezmann-06DEC 225733 en
... measures are only operational in the sense of producing a single value where there are point-topoint mappings (a pure exchange economy), not correspondences (economies with production). Another is that one can have pairs of equilibria for this class of measures which yield sharp differences in distan ...
... measures are only operational in the sense of producing a single value where there are point-topoint mappings (a pure exchange economy), not correspondences (economies with production). Another is that one can have pairs of equilibria for this class of measures which yield sharp differences in distan ...
Agricultural Productivity and Poverty in Egypt
... boost productivity and reduce poverty in rural areas (Christiansen, Demery and Kühl 2006). Results from China, India and other Asian countries showed that agricultural growth is more important than manufacturing growth for poverty reduction (Ravallion and Datt 1996; Ravallion and Chen 2004; Timmer 2 ...
... boost productivity and reduce poverty in rural areas (Christiansen, Demery and Kühl 2006). Results from China, India and other Asian countries showed that agricultural growth is more important than manufacturing growth for poverty reduction (Ravallion and Datt 1996; Ravallion and Chen 2004; Timmer 2 ...
Financial Development, Economic Growth and Collateral Effect of Capital Account Liberalization
... most popular-utilized de facto indicator is called „quantity index‟, which measures the ratio of gross cross-border capital flows to GDP (Lane and Milesi-Ferretti, 2007). One potential problem of this indicator is that actual flows of international capital are often results of not only capital contr ...
... most popular-utilized de facto indicator is called „quantity index‟, which measures the ratio of gross cross-border capital flows to GDP (Lane and Milesi-Ferretti, 2007). One potential problem of this indicator is that actual flows of international capital are often results of not only capital contr ...
What explains the German labor market miracle in the Great
... the amount of the puzzle left unquantified and possibly due to private and public labor market reforms. We deemphasize flexibility in cutting hours per worker only because it played an equally important role in moderating employment decline in previous “non-miraculous” recessions. Such flexibility ...
... the amount of the puzzle left unquantified and possibly due to private and public labor market reforms. We deemphasize flexibility in cutting hours per worker only because it played an equally important role in moderating employment decline in previous “non-miraculous” recessions. Such flexibility ...
Macroeconomics
... • (a) income varies over a person’s life. • (b) people use saving and borrowing to smooth their consumption over their lifetimes. • Thus he concluded that, consumption demand should depend not only on current income but also on their future prospects for income. • Modigliani’s life-cycle hypothesis: ...
... • (a) income varies over a person’s life. • (b) people use saving and borrowing to smooth their consumption over their lifetimes. • Thus he concluded that, consumption demand should depend not only on current income but also on their future prospects for income. • Modigliani’s life-cycle hypothesis: ...
AP Macro Unit 2 Review Powerpoint
... standard of living? Standard of living (or quality of life) can be measured, in part, by how well the economy is doing… But it needs to be adjusted to reflect the size of the nation’s population. Real GDP per capita (per person) • Real GDP per capita is real GDP divided by the total population. It i ...
... standard of living? Standard of living (or quality of life) can be measured, in part, by how well the economy is doing… But it needs to be adjusted to reflect the size of the nation’s population. Real GDP per capita (per person) • Real GDP per capita is real GDP divided by the total population. It i ...
S0900134_es.pdf
... Introduction ..................................................................................7 ...
... Introduction ..................................................................................7 ...
6 Trade Policy Developments
... and capitalizing on global economic partnerships to guarantee long-term prosperity for current and future generations. Thus, to sustain its drive toward economic diversification, as this is the nation’s surest path to sustainable development in a future that is less reliant on oil. This means expand ...
... and capitalizing on global economic partnerships to guarantee long-term prosperity for current and future generations. Thus, to sustain its drive toward economic diversification, as this is the nation’s surest path to sustainable development in a future that is less reliant on oil. This means expand ...
importance of literacy in india`s economic growth
... operation) does not make people competent enough to enter the labor force in the market. Moreover enhancing additional supplementary skills is a necessity in an economy like India which has a lot of structural unemployment. It will reduce the occupational immobility of labor and will also improve th ...
... operation) does not make people competent enough to enter the labor force in the market. Moreover enhancing additional supplementary skills is a necessity in an economy like India which has a lot of structural unemployment. It will reduce the occupational immobility of labor and will also improve th ...
1997-40
... expansionary. Between 1979 and 1981 the budget deficit of the federal government increased from M$3.7 billion or 7.9 per cent of GDP to MS11.0 billion or 19.1 per cent of GDP. A reversal of this stance began in 1982 when the deficit was virtually stabilised in money terms, while falling in relative ...
... expansionary. Between 1979 and 1981 the budget deficit of the federal government increased from M$3.7 billion or 7.9 per cent of GDP to MS11.0 billion or 19.1 per cent of GDP. A reversal of this stance began in 1982 when the deficit was virtually stabilised in money terms, while falling in relative ...
Robert I. Barro
... little correlation. In any event, the regressions describe the relation between growth rates and prior values of the explanatory variables. The regression shown in column (1) includes explanatory variables that can be interpreted as initial values of state variables or as choice and environmental va ...
... little correlation. In any event, the regressions describe the relation between growth rates and prior values of the explanatory variables. The regression shown in column (1) includes explanatory variables that can be interpreted as initial values of state variables or as choice and environmental va ...
11 update of the luxembourg stability and growth programme for the
... authorities made it possible to restore market confidence and limit the effects of contagion to the real economy. These firm policy actions towards economic activity, employment, purchasing power and the stabilisation of the banking system have affected public finances by increasing budget deficits ...
... authorities made it possible to restore market confidence and limit the effects of contagion to the real economy. These firm policy actions towards economic activity, employment, purchasing power and the stabilisation of the banking system have affected public finances by increasing budget deficits ...
Transformation in economics
Transformation in economics refers to a long-term change in dominant economic activity in terms of prevailing relative engagement or employment of able individuals.Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the ""normal"" state, trend or development. Among them are Disturbance (short-term disruption, temporary disorder), Perturbation (persistent or repeated divergence, predicament, decline or crisis), Deformation (damage, regime change, loss of self-sustainability, distortion), Transformation (long-term change, restructuring, conversion, new “normal”) and Renewal (rebirth, transmutation, corso-ricorso, renaissance, new beginning).Transformation is a unidirectional and irreversible change in dominant human economic activity (economic sector). Such change is driven by slower or faster continuous improvement in sector productivity growth rate. Productivity growth itself is fueled by advances in technology, inflow of useful innovations, accumulated practical knowledge and experience, levels of education, viability of institutions, quality of decision making and organized human effort. Individual sector transformations are the outcomes of human socio-economic evolution.Human economic activity has so far undergone at least four fundamental transformations:From nomadic hunting and gathering (H/G) to localized agricultureFrom localized agriculture (A) to internationalized industryFrom international industry (I) to global servicesFrom global services (S) to public sector (including government, welfare and unemployment, GWU)This evolution naturally proceeds from securing necessary food, through producing useful things, to providing helpful services, both private and public (See H/G→A→I→S→GWU sequence in Fig. 1). Accelerating productivity growth rates speed up the transformations, from millennia, through centuries, to decades of the recent era. It is this acceleration which makes transformation relevant economic category of today, more fundamental in its impact than any recession, crisis or depression. The evolution of four forms of capital (Indicated in Fig. 1) accompanies all economic transformations.Transformation is quite different from accompanying cyclical recessions and crises, despite the similarity of manifested phenomena (unemployment, technology shifts, socio-political discontent, bankruptcies, etc.). However, the tools and interventions used to combat crisis are clearly ineffective for coping with non-cyclical transformations. The problem is whether we face a mere crisis or a fundamental transformation (globalization→relocalization).