PDF
... The limitations in comparability imposed by the differing definitions of rurality have spurred efforts to create internationally comparable measures of rurality. These projects merge satellite imagery, which shows population agglomerations, together with census data to spatially distribute populatio ...
... The limitations in comparability imposed by the differing definitions of rurality have spurred efforts to create internationally comparable measures of rurality. These projects merge satellite imagery, which shows population agglomerations, together with census data to spatially distribute populatio ...
A new market economy?
... also invested in research and educational centres, as well as in social programmes. Finance, industry, retail and knowledge are all key areas within the Mondragon framework. The principal idea is that the joint movement should have the strength to absorb temporary losses. If the financial situation ...
... also invested in research and educational centres, as well as in social programmes. Finance, industry, retail and knowledge are all key areas within the Mondragon framework. The principal idea is that the joint movement should have the strength to absorb temporary losses. If the financial situation ...
Macroeconomic Measurements, Part I: Prices and Unemployment
... The CPI is used (1) as an economic indicator, (2) to find T H I N K I N G L I K E A N Comparing one thing with something else can the real value of an economic variable, and (3) to adjust be extremely useful. For example, in each of certain income payments. these three cases, we compared the percent ...
... The CPI is used (1) as an economic indicator, (2) to find T H I N K I N G L I K E A N Comparing one thing with something else can the real value of an economic variable, and (3) to adjust be extremely useful. For example, in each of certain income payments. these three cases, we compared the percent ...
Dissing U.S. Disinflation Talk
... cumulative decline in both WTI and Brent to 35% since the heady days of summer, and even the H1 average price ($101 for WTI). We will not attempt to get into the heads of the Saudis, and try to guess their intentions and time frames and what that means for oil prices looking ahead, but it’s reasonab ...
... cumulative decline in both WTI and Brent to 35% since the heady days of summer, and even the H1 average price ($101 for WTI). We will not attempt to get into the heads of the Saudis, and try to guess their intentions and time frames and what that means for oil prices looking ahead, but it’s reasonab ...
Principles of Macro - Fall 2008
... d. always equal to investment. ____ 21. A budget surplus is created if a. the government sells more bonds than it buys back. b. the government spends more than it receives in tax revenue. c. private savings are greater than zero. d. None of the above are correct. ____ 22. The source of the supply of ...
... d. always equal to investment. ____ 21. A budget surplus is created if a. the government sells more bonds than it buys back. b. the government spends more than it receives in tax revenue. c. private savings are greater than zero. d. None of the above are correct. ____ 22. The source of the supply of ...
South African Trade Policy and the Future Global Trading Environment f
... aspirations of its people for higher incomes and increased employment opportunities, the South African economy needs to expand at an average rate of at least 6% a year. If this happens, the demand for imports of intermediate inputs, capital equipment and finished goods is likely to grow at double-di ...
... aspirations of its people for higher incomes and increased employment opportunities, the South African economy needs to expand at an average rate of at least 6% a year. If this happens, the demand for imports of intermediate inputs, capital equipment and finished goods is likely to grow at double-di ...
Human Capital, Fertility, and Economic Growth
... tion growth rate, but in the rate of investment in physical capital. The physical capital stock grows more slowly when per capita income exceeds its equilibrium level, and it grows more rapidly when per capita income is below equilibrium.2 Neither Malthus's nor the neoclassicists' approach to growth ...
... tion growth rate, but in the rate of investment in physical capital. The physical capital stock grows more slowly when per capita income exceeds its equilibrium level, and it grows more rapidly when per capita income is below equilibrium.2 Neither Malthus's nor the neoclassicists' approach to growth ...
The emergence and significance of local economic development
... cycle in the recipient country than other forms of investment. They do not increase during economic booms and decrease during downturns to the same extent as FDI and other private capital flows. Especially remittances used for household consumption, rather than investment, tend to increase when cond ...
... cycle in the recipient country than other forms of investment. They do not increase during economic booms and decrease during downturns to the same extent as FDI and other private capital flows. Especially remittances used for household consumption, rather than investment, tend to increase when cond ...
research paper series Research Paper 2006/26
... to be fair. If firms pay at least the fair wage, workers provide the normal level of effort, which, for notational simplicity, is set equal to one. The fair wage for workers is a weighted ...
... to be fair. If firms pay at least the fair wage, workers provide the normal level of effort, which, for notational simplicity, is set equal to one. The fair wage for workers is a weighted ...
PDF
... last decade. A great majority of this reduction is a result the Brazilian Interest Rate Equalization System (IRES). About 30% of the total loans available to farmers by the Brazilian Central Bank are impacted by IRES. Losses to banks that lend at below market interest rates to IRES qualified agricul ...
... last decade. A great majority of this reduction is a result the Brazilian Interest Rate Equalization System (IRES). About 30% of the total loans available to farmers by the Brazilian Central Bank are impacted by IRES. Losses to banks that lend at below market interest rates to IRES qualified agricul ...
Natural Capital, Sustainability and Productivity
... smaller share of the value of total output over time. This is explained at least in part by the declining real prices of many resources. But one might also infer that there has been a reduction in the essentialness of natural capital in these sectors; put another way, the economy may be developing s ...
... smaller share of the value of total output over time. This is explained at least in part by the declining real prices of many resources. But one might also infer that there has been a reduction in the essentialness of natural capital in these sectors; put another way, the economy may be developing s ...
MDG Strategy Analysis: Methods and an Agenda for
... • Educational outcomes as functions of a set of determinants: for each cycle, rates of entry, pass, repeat, and drop out; between cycles, share that continues • MDG 2 (net primary completion rate) computed as product of 1st grade entry rate and primary cycle pass rates for the relevant series of yea ...
... • Educational outcomes as functions of a set of determinants: for each cycle, rates of entry, pass, repeat, and drop out; between cycles, share that continues • MDG 2 (net primary completion rate) computed as product of 1st grade entry rate and primary cycle pass rates for the relevant series of yea ...
Cities and the Creative Class
... traditional view, however, is that places grow either because they are located on transportation routes or because they have natural resources that encourage firms to locate there. According to this conventional view, the economic importance of a place is tied to the efficiency with which one can ma ...
... traditional view, however, is that places grow either because they are located on transportation routes or because they have natural resources that encourage firms to locate there. According to this conventional view, the economic importance of a place is tied to the efficiency with which one can ma ...
Euro area fiscal policies and the crisis
... 1. Sound fiscal positions represent a prerequisite for the smooth functioning of EMU. 2. Fiscal policies bolstered confidence through stimuli in the entry phase, in the exit phase, confidence needs to be preserved by timely fiscal consolidation. 3. Large fiscal imbalances may undermine economic grow ...
... 1. Sound fiscal positions represent a prerequisite for the smooth functioning of EMU. 2. Fiscal policies bolstered confidence through stimuli in the entry phase, in the exit phase, confidence needs to be preserved by timely fiscal consolidation. 3. Large fiscal imbalances may undermine economic grow ...
About the ICP and PPPs
... with domestic inflation. To overcome the deficiencies of exchange rates, the International Comparison Program (ICP) was established in the late 1960s to facilitate inter-country comparisons of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its components based on the Purchasing Power Parities (PPP). A PPP is defi ...
... with domestic inflation. To overcome the deficiencies of exchange rates, the International Comparison Program (ICP) was established in the late 1960s to facilitate inter-country comparisons of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its components based on the Purchasing Power Parities (PPP). A PPP is defi ...
IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN
... FDI had a significant negative effect on domestic investment suggesting that it crowds-out domestic investment. Hence FDI appears to have been immiserizing. However, this effect varies across countries and in the Pacific basin countries FDI seems to have crowded-in domestic investment. FDI inflows h ...
... FDI had a significant negative effect on domestic investment suggesting that it crowds-out domestic investment. Hence FDI appears to have been immiserizing. However, this effect varies across countries and in the Pacific basin countries FDI seems to have crowded-in domestic investment. FDI inflows h ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
... In order to estimate a production function, we must define capital stocks and labor input. Miller (1983) distinguishes gross capital stock and net capital stock as the concepts of the capacity to produce output and the ability to produce income, respectively.I use the net concept which measures capi ...
... In order to estimate a production function, we must define capital stocks and labor input. Miller (1983) distinguishes gross capital stock and net capital stock as the concepts of the capacity to produce output and the ability to produce income, respectively.I use the net concept which measures capi ...
Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour
... it can be shown that the increase of population is caused by economic development and would not otherwise be so large. The proof of this proposition was supplied to the classical economists by the Malthusian law of population. There is already an enormous literature of the genus : "What Maltbus Real ...
... it can be shown that the increase of population is caused by economic development and would not otherwise be so large. The proof of this proposition was supplied to the classical economists by the Malthusian law of population. There is already an enormous literature of the genus : "What Maltbus Real ...
Rising Economic Nationalism in Indonesia: Will This Time be
... Besides the economic and political factors mentioned above, Indonesia also has a longer-term strategic motivation that may explain the protectionist trend. As stated in its Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development 2011-25 (MP3EI), 17 Indonesia is envisioned to tran ...
... Besides the economic and political factors mentioned above, Indonesia also has a longer-term strategic motivation that may explain the protectionist trend. As stated in its Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development 2011-25 (MP3EI), 17 Indonesia is envisioned to tran ...
Analytical Note - European Commission
... economic development of several euro area members until today, had many roots and origins. While several of them are common to all industrialised countries, some of them are more strongly present in the euro area where they prolonged and intensified the effects of the crisis. At the onset, the crisi ...
... economic development of several euro area members until today, had many roots and origins. While several of them are common to all industrialised countries, some of them are more strongly present in the euro area where they prolonged and intensified the effects of the crisis. At the onset, the crisi ...
Transformation in economics
Transformation in economics refers to a long-term change in dominant economic activity in terms of prevailing relative engagement or employment of able individuals.Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the ""normal"" state, trend or development. Among them are Disturbance (short-term disruption, temporary disorder), Perturbation (persistent or repeated divergence, predicament, decline or crisis), Deformation (damage, regime change, loss of self-sustainability, distortion), Transformation (long-term change, restructuring, conversion, new “normal”) and Renewal (rebirth, transmutation, corso-ricorso, renaissance, new beginning).Transformation is a unidirectional and irreversible change in dominant human economic activity (economic sector). Such change is driven by slower or faster continuous improvement in sector productivity growth rate. Productivity growth itself is fueled by advances in technology, inflow of useful innovations, accumulated practical knowledge and experience, levels of education, viability of institutions, quality of decision making and organized human effort. Individual sector transformations are the outcomes of human socio-economic evolution.Human economic activity has so far undergone at least four fundamental transformations:From nomadic hunting and gathering (H/G) to localized agricultureFrom localized agriculture (A) to internationalized industryFrom international industry (I) to global servicesFrom global services (S) to public sector (including government, welfare and unemployment, GWU)This evolution naturally proceeds from securing necessary food, through producing useful things, to providing helpful services, both private and public (See H/G→A→I→S→GWU sequence in Fig. 1). Accelerating productivity growth rates speed up the transformations, from millennia, through centuries, to decades of the recent era. It is this acceleration which makes transformation relevant economic category of today, more fundamental in its impact than any recession, crisis or depression. The evolution of four forms of capital (Indicated in Fig. 1) accompanies all economic transformations.Transformation is quite different from accompanying cyclical recessions and crises, despite the similarity of manifested phenomena (unemployment, technology shifts, socio-political discontent, bankruptcies, etc.). However, the tools and interventions used to combat crisis are clearly ineffective for coping with non-cyclical transformations. The problem is whether we face a mere crisis or a fundamental transformation (globalization→relocalization).