II. Macroeconomic Performance, Issues and Policies
... (Continued from preceding page) only limited levels of economic development. Further growth requires improvements in total factor productivity or technological and organizational improvements. Singapore has immersed itself aggressively in the knowledge economy. While most countries are focusing on t ...
... (Continued from preceding page) only limited levels of economic development. Further growth requires improvements in total factor productivity or technological and organizational improvements. Singapore has immersed itself aggressively in the knowledge economy. While most countries are focusing on t ...
Public Policy Brief - Levy Economics Institute of Bard College
... consolidation based almost entirely on the generation of positive confidence effects among consumers and, more important, businesspeople. Today, five months after Temer was officially raised to the presidency, it is increasingly clear that the new government has lost its bet on a quick recovery base ...
... consolidation based almost entirely on the generation of positive confidence effects among consumers and, more important, businesspeople. Today, five months after Temer was officially raised to the presidency, it is increasingly clear that the new government has lost its bet on a quick recovery base ...
Pointmaker SMALL IS BEST LESSONS FROM ADVANCED ECONOMIES
... advanced economies, meaning that tax revenues are an effective proxy for tax rates in these countries.2 • For almost all of the economies examined in this paper, spending on R&D, human capital and schooling amounts to between 25% and 33% of total government expenditure. This means that the size of g ...
... advanced economies, meaning that tax revenues are an effective proxy for tax rates in these countries.2 • For almost all of the economies examined in this paper, spending on R&D, human capital and schooling amounts to between 25% and 33% of total government expenditure. This means that the size of g ...
aggregate demand (ad)
... Shifts in the AS curve can be caused by the following factors: • changes in size & quality of the labour force available for production • changes in size & quality of capital stock through investment • technological progress and the impact of innovation • changes in factor productivity of both labou ...
... Shifts in the AS curve can be caused by the following factors: • changes in size & quality of the labour force available for production • changes in size & quality of capital stock through investment • technological progress and the impact of innovation • changes in factor productivity of both labou ...
Labor Markets, Economic Policies, and European Economic Growth
... dynamic sectors of the economy and forced inefficient firms to either modernize or perish; a process that was facilitated by active labor market policies. Though peak-level bargaining emerged later in Denmark and Norway, partly because labor markets were not as tight during the 1950s as in Sweden, t ...
... dynamic sectors of the economy and forced inefficient firms to either modernize or perish; a process that was facilitated by active labor market policies. Though peak-level bargaining emerged later in Denmark and Norway, partly because labor markets were not as tight during the 1950s as in Sweden, t ...
OCR Economics: Macroeconomics 1
... Economic growth, however, can also have some disadvantages or costs. Growth represents an increase in GDP, but this could bring about more negative externalities in the form of greater pollution and congestion. Also, the increase in GDP is in terms of quantity — it would be necessary to know exactly ...
... Economic growth, however, can also have some disadvantages or costs. Growth represents an increase in GDP, but this could bring about more negative externalities in the form of greater pollution and congestion. Also, the increase in GDP is in terms of quantity — it would be necessary to know exactly ...
Ghana - ODI Global Financial Crisis Discussion Papers 5
... markets, banking sectors and foreign direct investment (FDI). The real sector impact could be propagated through effects on remittances, trade and aid. Although a number of studies have begun to emerge on the impact (or possible impact) of the crisis on the global economy and the economies of advanc ...
... markets, banking sectors and foreign direct investment (FDI). The real sector impact could be propagated through effects on remittances, trade and aid. Although a number of studies have begun to emerge on the impact (or possible impact) of the crisis on the global economy and the economies of advanc ...
2. I E D nternational
... Reserve Bank of Peru, the Bank of Mexico and the Bank of Thailand each slashed policy rates by 25 basis points, while the Central Bank of Chile opted to cut rates by 50 basis points and the Magyar Nemzeti Bank and the National Bank of Romania each announced a 75 basis point rate cut. Against this ba ...
... Reserve Bank of Peru, the Bank of Mexico and the Bank of Thailand each slashed policy rates by 25 basis points, while the Central Bank of Chile opted to cut rates by 50 basis points and the Magyar Nemzeti Bank and the National Bank of Romania each announced a 75 basis point rate cut. Against this ba ...
PDF
... each year (Curry and Shibut, 2000). The main source of the crisis was the decision to deregulate the industry in the early eighties. No one knows what will be the final cost of the current mortgage crisis to US taxpayers, but such cost may dwarf the S&L costs. ...
... each year (Curry and Shibut, 2000). The main source of the crisis was the decision to deregulate the industry in the early eighties. No one knows what will be the final cost of the current mortgage crisis to US taxpayers, but such cost may dwarf the S&L costs. ...
Ghana - United Nations Global Pulse
... and rising prices for primary commodities. In fact, the economy could have performed even better in the past two years but the effect of the huge hikes in crude oil prices and the energy shocks experienced meant that growth increased very marginally, by 0.1 percentage points, from 2006 to 2007. The ...
... and rising prices for primary commodities. In fact, the economy could have performed even better in the past two years but the effect of the huge hikes in crude oil prices and the energy shocks experienced meant that growth increased very marginally, by 0.1 percentage points, from 2006 to 2007. The ...
Is the Export-led Growth Hypothesis Valid for an Export
... some examples that ranked atop worldwide. In this regard, we pose another question: Were these industries growing fast with the help of the government’s export expansion policies or due to some other factors such as education, health, or new investment in high-tech industries? Although export expans ...
... some examples that ranked atop worldwide. In this regard, we pose another question: Were these industries growing fast with the help of the government’s export expansion policies or due to some other factors such as education, health, or new investment in high-tech industries? Although export expans ...
Document
... a. They increase both real prices and real output. b. They increase prices and decrease real output. c. They increase real output and decrease prices. d. None of the above ANSWER: b 29. If the expected inflation rate is 4 percent for next year, then a. a return of 4 percent will give a real return o ...
... a. They increase both real prices and real output. b. They increase prices and decrease real output. c. They increase real output and decrease prices. d. None of the above ANSWER: b 29. If the expected inflation rate is 4 percent for next year, then a. a return of 4 percent will give a real return o ...
UK BUSINESS CONFIDENCE MONITOR Q1 2009 Wales Summary Report
... for Surviving the Downturn’ a guide to help businesses plan survival strategies and activities which could help them in facing the current economic challenges. It provides businesses with practical help and topics to discuss within their management teams as well as with their advisors. The findings ...
... for Surviving the Downturn’ a guide to help businesses plan survival strategies and activities which could help them in facing the current economic challenges. It provides businesses with practical help and topics to discuss within their management teams as well as with their advisors. The findings ...
Paradigms of Explanation and Varieties of Capitalism
... In the daily cut and thrust of the now ubiquitous intellectual and political disagreement about which form of capitalism is to be preferred, defenders and proponents of particular models of capitalist organization invariably privilege that set of performance indicators that best serves their cause. ...
... In the daily cut and thrust of the now ubiquitous intellectual and political disagreement about which form of capitalism is to be preferred, defenders and proponents of particular models of capitalist organization invariably privilege that set of performance indicators that best serves their cause. ...
Urbanization, Long-Run Growth, and the Demographic Transition
... Advanced economies undergo three transitions during their development: 1. They transition from a rural to an urban economy. 2. They transition from low income growth to high income growth. 3. Their demographics transition from initially high fertility and mortality rates to low modern levels. The ti ...
... Advanced economies undergo three transitions during their development: 1. They transition from a rural to an urban economy. 2. They transition from low income growth to high income growth. 3. Their demographics transition from initially high fertility and mortality rates to low modern levels. The ti ...
Transformation in economics
Transformation in economics refers to a long-term change in dominant economic activity in terms of prevailing relative engagement or employment of able individuals.Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the ""normal"" state, trend or development. Among them are Disturbance (short-term disruption, temporary disorder), Perturbation (persistent or repeated divergence, predicament, decline or crisis), Deformation (damage, regime change, loss of self-sustainability, distortion), Transformation (long-term change, restructuring, conversion, new “normal”) and Renewal (rebirth, transmutation, corso-ricorso, renaissance, new beginning).Transformation is a unidirectional and irreversible change in dominant human economic activity (economic sector). Such change is driven by slower or faster continuous improvement in sector productivity growth rate. Productivity growth itself is fueled by advances in technology, inflow of useful innovations, accumulated practical knowledge and experience, levels of education, viability of institutions, quality of decision making and organized human effort. Individual sector transformations are the outcomes of human socio-economic evolution.Human economic activity has so far undergone at least four fundamental transformations:From nomadic hunting and gathering (H/G) to localized agricultureFrom localized agriculture (A) to internationalized industryFrom international industry (I) to global servicesFrom global services (S) to public sector (including government, welfare and unemployment, GWU)This evolution naturally proceeds from securing necessary food, through producing useful things, to providing helpful services, both private and public (See H/G→A→I→S→GWU sequence in Fig. 1). Accelerating productivity growth rates speed up the transformations, from millennia, through centuries, to decades of the recent era. It is this acceleration which makes transformation relevant economic category of today, more fundamental in its impact than any recession, crisis or depression. The evolution of four forms of capital (Indicated in Fig. 1) accompanies all economic transformations.Transformation is quite different from accompanying cyclical recessions and crises, despite the similarity of manifested phenomena (unemployment, technology shifts, socio-political discontent, bankruptcies, etc.). However, the tools and interventions used to combat crisis are clearly ineffective for coping with non-cyclical transformations. The problem is whether we face a mere crisis or a fundamental transformation (globalization→relocalization).