Contrasting early visual cortical activation states causally involved in
... neural activation states associated with these functions (Silvanto & Pascual-Leone, 2008; Silvanto et al., 2008). To investigate neural activation states, we made use of the findings that the behavioral effects of TMS vary with the initial state of the targeted region, and that different psychophysic ...
... neural activation states associated with these functions (Silvanto & Pascual-Leone, 2008; Silvanto et al., 2008). To investigate neural activation states, we made use of the findings that the behavioral effects of TMS vary with the initial state of the targeted region, and that different psychophysic ...
Late-onset Parkinsonism in NFjB/c-Rel
... loss of dopamine neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and the accumulation of somatic and intraneuritic inclusions, which are mainly composed of filamentous -synuclein aggregates called Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, respectively (Spillantini et al., 1998; Bellucci et al., in press) ...
... loss of dopamine neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and the accumulation of somatic and intraneuritic inclusions, which are mainly composed of filamentous -synuclein aggregates called Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, respectively (Spillantini et al., 1998; Bellucci et al., in press) ...
... developmentally excessive levels of inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. ADHD occurs in 8 to 12% of school age children worldwide; the majority (60%-85%) continues to meet criteria for the disorder during their teenage years. Volumetric studies in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity ...
Early Pharmacological Treatment of Autism: A
... comparison groups and Nelson also found increases in other neurotrophic factors (vasoactive intestinal peptide and neurotrophin 4/5). It is notable that a follow-up study by Nelson and colleagues, using a double-antibody technique, did not replicate their original finding (Nelson et al 2006). Overal ...
... comparison groups and Nelson also found increases in other neurotrophic factors (vasoactive intestinal peptide and neurotrophin 4/5). It is notable that a follow-up study by Nelson and colleagues, using a double-antibody technique, did not replicate their original finding (Nelson et al 2006). Overal ...
thyroid hormones in brain development and
... circulation, and in part is formed locally by 5’-deiodination of T4, mediated by Dio2 in the astrocytes, in proportions that depend on the developmental stage. T4 and T3 are degraded by Dio3 present in neurons. Entry of T4 and T3 in brain is facilitated by specific transmembrane transporters, mainly ...
... circulation, and in part is formed locally by 5’-deiodination of T4, mediated by Dio2 in the astrocytes, in proportions that depend on the developmental stage. T4 and T3 are degraded by Dio3 present in neurons. Entry of T4 and T3 in brain is facilitated by specific transmembrane transporters, mainly ...
Lights, Camembert, Action! - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... instances.33 However, given that in many cases, animals (including humans) can distinguish a predictive cue from the UCS itself, as indicated by distinct behavioral responses in these two cases, it seems likely from that there are at least two distinct associative mechanisms in the brain, one based ...
... instances.33 However, given that in many cases, animals (including humans) can distinguish a predictive cue from the UCS itself, as indicated by distinct behavioral responses in these two cases, it seems likely from that there are at least two distinct associative mechanisms in the brain, one based ...
Patterned, But Not Tonic, Optogenetic Stimulation in Motor
... Committee. Adult male Wistar rats (n ⫽ 4) were maintained in a reversed 12 h light/dark cycle with restricted food (18 g/d) and free water access. All experiments were conducted during the rats’ dark cycle. Before surgery, rats were trained to perform reach-to-grasp movements for 7 d (15 min/d), and ...
... Committee. Adult male Wistar rats (n ⫽ 4) were maintained in a reversed 12 h light/dark cycle with restricted food (18 g/d) and free water access. All experiments were conducted during the rats’ dark cycle. Before surgery, rats were trained to perform reach-to-grasp movements for 7 d (15 min/d), and ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... Answer: c. dendrites 38. Dendrite is to axon as: a. send is to receive. Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. b. send is to regulate. c. receive is to send. Correct. Dendrites are treelike parts of the neuron that are designed to receive messages. The axon sends messages to other ne ...
... Answer: c. dendrites 38. Dendrite is to axon as: a. send is to receive. Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. b. send is to regulate. c. receive is to send. Correct. Dendrites are treelike parts of the neuron that are designed to receive messages. The axon sends messages to other ne ...
Generation of Theta and Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus
... following Schaffer collaterals stimulation (Fig. 6). Pairedpulses probe a system in a way that a single pulse could not. The second of a pair of pulses tests the excitability of the neurons at various delays (interpulse intervals, IPIs) after the first pulse perturbs the neural circuit. Paired-pulse ...
... following Schaffer collaterals stimulation (Fig. 6). Pairedpulses probe a system in a way that a single pulse could not. The second of a pair of pulses tests the excitability of the neurons at various delays (interpulse intervals, IPIs) after the first pulse perturbs the neural circuit. Paired-pulse ...
An Animal Model of Early-treated PKU
... Since Phe and tyrosine compete for the same transporter proteins to cross the blood-brain barrier, increases in the ratio of Phe to tyrosine in plasma result in less tyrosine crossing into the brain (Chirigos et al., 1960; Pardridge and Olendorf, 1977; Miller et al., 1985), especially since the tran ...
... Since Phe and tyrosine compete for the same transporter proteins to cross the blood-brain barrier, increases in the ratio of Phe to tyrosine in plasma result in less tyrosine crossing into the brain (Chirigos et al., 1960; Pardridge and Olendorf, 1977; Miller et al., 1985), especially since the tran ...
Adrenal Insufficiency: A Guide for Families
... sugar levels and is especially important in times of stress. Aldosterone controls salt balance in the body. Androgens are sex hormones that are responsible for pubic and underarm hair. The production of cortisol by the adrenal glands is controlled by the pituitary gland hormone called adrenocorticot ...
... sugar levels and is especially important in times of stress. Aldosterone controls salt balance in the body. Androgens are sex hormones that are responsible for pubic and underarm hair. The production of cortisol by the adrenal glands is controlled by the pituitary gland hormone called adrenocorticot ...
Congenital Atresia of the External Ear and Tinnitus: A New Syndrome
... Abstract: Congenital atresia of the external ears and severe tinnitus has been reported by two patients to be contralateral to the atretic ear. The use of the nuclear medicine imaging technique of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of brain has demonstrated hypoperfusion in brain are ...
... Abstract: Congenital atresia of the external ears and severe tinnitus has been reported by two patients to be contralateral to the atretic ear. The use of the nuclear medicine imaging technique of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of brain has demonstrated hypoperfusion in brain are ...
Neurophysiology of synesthesia. - Hal-CEA
... feedback models, the degree of connectivity is assumed to be identical in synesthetes and nonsynesthetes, but neural communication is thought to be increased between brain regions due to a lack of inhibitory processes. Although this is an interesting debate in its own right, current fMRI methods do ...
... feedback models, the degree of connectivity is assumed to be identical in synesthetes and nonsynesthetes, but neural communication is thought to be increased between brain regions due to a lack of inhibitory processes. Although this is an interesting debate in its own right, current fMRI methods do ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
... likely explains why many aspects of cortical structure and function are sexually dimorphic. With this in mind, we will address, when data are available, whether a given perinatal manipulation results in different morphology and/or behavior outcomes for the sexes. As one might guess, these interactio ...
... likely explains why many aspects of cortical structure and function are sexually dimorphic. With this in mind, we will address, when data are available, whether a given perinatal manipulation results in different morphology and/or behavior outcomes for the sexes. As one might guess, these interactio ...
Nucleus Accumbensμ-Opioids Regulate Intake of a High
... wire stylets were placed in the guide cannulas to prevent occlusion. Coordinates for the aimed sites were as follows (in mm from bregma): nucleus accumbens (ACC): anteroposterior (AP) 1.4, mediolateral (ML) ⫾1.8, dorsoventral (DV) ⫺7.8; lateral hypothalamus (LH): AP ⫺2.8, ML ⫾1.8, DV ⫺8.7; dorsomedi ...
... wire stylets were placed in the guide cannulas to prevent occlusion. Coordinates for the aimed sites were as follows (in mm from bregma): nucleus accumbens (ACC): anteroposterior (AP) 1.4, mediolateral (ML) ⫾1.8, dorsoventral (DV) ⫺7.8; lateral hypothalamus (LH): AP ⫺2.8, ML ⫾1.8, DV ⫺8.7; dorsomedi ...
Spontaneous activity in developing sensory circuits
... The cerebral cortex is never quiet (Fox and Raichle, 2007). Even primary sensory regions are consistently active in the absence of sensory input, including during states of unconsciousness such as non-REM sleep and anesthesia (Bianciardi et al., 2009; Hasenstaub et al., 2007; Leopold and Logothetis, ...
... The cerebral cortex is never quiet (Fox and Raichle, 2007). Even primary sensory regions are consistently active in the absence of sensory input, including during states of unconsciousness such as non-REM sleep and anesthesia (Bianciardi et al., 2009; Hasenstaub et al., 2007; Leopold and Logothetis, ...
The habenular nuclei - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... the posterior commissure and the habenular commissure runs between them ( Nieuwenhuys et al. 1998; Butler & Hodos 2005). In mammals, the habenular complex comprises two separate nuclei on each side: the ‘medial’ (MHb) and ‘lateral’ (LHb) habenulae. The LHb is further subdivided into principal medial ...
... the posterior commissure and the habenular commissure runs between them ( Nieuwenhuys et al. 1998; Butler & Hodos 2005). In mammals, the habenular complex comprises two separate nuclei on each side: the ‘medial’ (MHb) and ‘lateral’ (LHb) habenulae. The LHb is further subdivided into principal medial ...
Words in the brain`s language
... were considered too speculative and because some of his colleagues believed that his ideas would not be testable. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss his assumptions in light of evidence presently available. Electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that having cortical neurons frequently act ...
... were considered too speculative and because some of his colleagues believed that his ideas would not be testable. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss his assumptions in light of evidence presently available. Electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that having cortical neurons frequently act ...
The cortical visual area V6: brain location and visual topography
... European laws on the care and use of laboratory animals. Detailed descriptions of training, surgical and recording procedures, as well as visual stimulation, anatomical reconstruction of recording sites and animal care are reported elsewhere (Galletti et al., 1995). The following is a brief descript ...
... European laws on the care and use of laboratory animals. Detailed descriptions of training, surgical and recording procedures, as well as visual stimulation, anatomical reconstruction of recording sites and animal care are reported elsewhere (Galletti et al., 1995). The following is a brief descript ...
Central Fatigue
... Therefore, it may be more useful to define fatigue as any exercise-induced reduction in the ability to exert muscle force or power regardless of whether or not the task can be sustained.[10] Since much of the work in this area is interested in the development of fatigue during prolonged exercise, fa ...
... Therefore, it may be more useful to define fatigue as any exercise-induced reduction in the ability to exert muscle force or power regardless of whether or not the task can be sustained.[10] Since much of the work in this area is interested in the development of fatigue during prolonged exercise, fa ...
Reversible analgesia, atonia, and loss of consciousness on bilateral
... rostrocaudal and dorsoventral planes, and 1.0 mm in the mediolateral plane (see below). It is bounded dorsally by the decussation of the brachium conjunctivum and the ventrolateral PAG, ventrally by the reticular tegmental nucleus of the pons (RtTg), laterally by the rubrospinal tract and the cholin ...
... rostrocaudal and dorsoventral planes, and 1.0 mm in the mediolateral plane (see below). It is bounded dorsally by the decussation of the brachium conjunctivum and the ventrolateral PAG, ventrally by the reticular tegmental nucleus of the pons (RtTg), laterally by the rubrospinal tract and the cholin ...
Delineation of a frequency-organized region isolated from the
... is the representative recipient of information from the ears in the mammalian cortex. However, the delineation of the AI is still controversial in a mouse. Recently, it was reported, using optical imaging, that two distinct areas of the AI, located ventrally and dorsally, are activated by high-frequ ...
... is the representative recipient of information from the ears in the mammalian cortex. However, the delineation of the AI is still controversial in a mouse. Recently, it was reported, using optical imaging, that two distinct areas of the AI, located ventrally and dorsally, are activated by high-frequ ...
Neurons, Brain Chemistry, and Neurotransmission
... from the balance outside the cell. This uneven distribution of ions creates an electrical potential across the cell membrane. This is called the resting membrane potential. In humans, the resting membrane potential ranges from –40 millivolts (mV) to –80 mV, with –65 mV as an average resting membrane ...
... from the balance outside the cell. This uneven distribution of ions creates an electrical potential across the cell membrane. This is called the resting membrane potential. In humans, the resting membrane potential ranges from –40 millivolts (mV) to –80 mV, with –65 mV as an average resting membrane ...
Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics
... chain analogous to that of piracetam) which have been tested for nootropic activity are briefly mentioned where appropriate, but not treated exhaustively. Furthermore, non-racetams like tenilsetam have often been categorized together with the nootropics of the piracetam type regardless of their chem ...
... chain analogous to that of piracetam) which have been tested for nootropic activity are briefly mentioned where appropriate, but not treated exhaustively. Furthermore, non-racetams like tenilsetam have often been categorized together with the nootropics of the piracetam type regardless of their chem ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... c. the number of children you have Correct. Successful reproduction was a major measure of success in Darwin's theory. d. the contributions you made to the happiness of humanity e. your height relative to others in your “clan,” or “tribe” Incorrect. Being the biggest is not always the best. Successf ...
... c. the number of children you have Correct. Successful reproduction was a major measure of success in Darwin's theory. d. the contributions you made to the happiness of humanity e. your height relative to others in your “clan,” or “tribe” Incorrect. Being the biggest is not always the best. Successf ...