PDF - Molecular Brain
... UCB [6-8]. UCB neurotoxicity may be associated with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, breakdown of glutathione redox status, dysfunction of the mitochondria, and even cell death [7,8]. Researchers have also indicated that UCB induces enhanced oxidative stress, alterations in neurogenesis, ...
... UCB [6-8]. UCB neurotoxicity may be associated with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, breakdown of glutathione redox status, dysfunction of the mitochondria, and even cell death [7,8]. Researchers have also indicated that UCB induces enhanced oxidative stress, alterations in neurogenesis, ...
Ratio of Glia and Ne..
... Zooming in even further, her study counted 6.18 billion neurons and 8.68 billion glia in the gray matter of the cortex, vs. 1.29 billion neurons and 19.88 billion glia in the white matter. Gray matter is largely made up of the unmyelinated parts of neurons—neurons that are not sheathed by glial cell ...
... Zooming in even further, her study counted 6.18 billion neurons and 8.68 billion glia in the gray matter of the cortex, vs. 1.29 billion neurons and 19.88 billion glia in the white matter. Gray matter is largely made up of the unmyelinated parts of neurons—neurons that are not sheathed by glial cell ...
Computational cognitive neuroscience: 10. Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
... and play a role in controlling the processing in these areas. • The medial PFC areas are more strongly interconnected with subcortical brain areas associated with affective and motivational functions. • Functionally we can characterize the lateral areas as being important for "cold" cognitive contro ...
... and play a role in controlling the processing in these areas. • The medial PFC areas are more strongly interconnected with subcortical brain areas associated with affective and motivational functions. • Functionally we can characterize the lateral areas as being important for "cold" cognitive contro ...
Different Strategies in Solving Series Completion Inductive
... and twice internal maintaining/updating a counter, and then the rule can be determined according to the counter. In this way, the procedural strategy incurs many more working memory demands than the retrieval strategy. Thus, the two strategies should differentially engage brain areas that are sensit ...
... and twice internal maintaining/updating a counter, and then the rule can be determined according to the counter. In this way, the procedural strategy incurs many more working memory demands than the retrieval strategy. Thus, the two strategies should differentially engage brain areas that are sensit ...
Functional Neuroimaging and Episodic Memory
... should result in hippocampal activity. However, the neuroimaging studies to date have generally found that effort was not the key factor in producing hippocampal activation. Rather, success in recollection has generally been shown to be related to activation of the hippocampus. In this review, we wi ...
... should result in hippocampal activity. However, the neuroimaging studies to date have generally found that effort was not the key factor in producing hippocampal activation. Rather, success in recollection has generally been shown to be related to activation of the hippocampus. In this review, we wi ...
Neural evidence for the interplay between language, gesture, and
... increased MEP. Note that the use of TMS described here is different from that in which a part of cortex is temporarily and virtually ‘lesioned’ (see Devlin & Watkins, 2006). Fadiga and colleagues measured MEPs of tongue muscles while stimulating the part of the motor cortex that leads to movement of ...
... increased MEP. Note that the use of TMS described here is different from that in which a part of cortex is temporarily and virtually ‘lesioned’ (see Devlin & Watkins, 2006). Fadiga and colleagues measured MEPs of tongue muscles while stimulating the part of the motor cortex that leads to movement of ...
Cortical evolution and development: Conserved
... Tessier-Lavigne 2001), and activity-dependent stabilization of synaptic connections (Greenough & Bailey 1988). Though highly conserved, such a set of fundamental mechanisms seems ill-described as “constraints”. A longer view of the definition of “adaptation” and “environment” than each particular an ...
... Tessier-Lavigne 2001), and activity-dependent stabilization of synaptic connections (Greenough & Bailey 1988). Though highly conserved, such a set of fundamental mechanisms seems ill-described as “constraints”. A longer view of the definition of “adaptation” and “environment” than each particular an ...
Chorioamnionitis induced by intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide
... studied CNS pathology is cerebral periventricular white matter (WM) disease (WMD), which results in permanent structural brain damage and severe longlasting neurodevelopmental impairment, ...
... studied CNS pathology is cerebral periventricular white matter (WM) disease (WMD), which results in permanent structural brain damage and severe longlasting neurodevelopmental impairment, ...
Central Emotional Integration
... Functions of peripheral aspects of emotion: preparatory - general and specific arousal such as in different motivation states. communicative - facial & postural expressions. Optimal arousal enhances mental and physical performance. ...
... Functions of peripheral aspects of emotion: preparatory - general and specific arousal such as in different motivation states. communicative - facial & postural expressions. Optimal arousal enhances mental and physical performance. ...
Anatomical identification of primary auditory cortex in the developing
... easy to breed, easy to train, and more interestingly, it is born with a brain in a rather immature state (1). Nevertheless, gerbil’s brain anatomy descriptions or atlases are not easy to find in the literature, neither adult nor young, and therefore developing auditory cortex in vivo is hard to be l ...
... easy to breed, easy to train, and more interestingly, it is born with a brain in a rather immature state (1). Nevertheless, gerbil’s brain anatomy descriptions or atlases are not easy to find in the literature, neither adult nor young, and therefore developing auditory cortex in vivo is hard to be l ...
Central Emotional System
... Functions of peripheral aspects of emotion: preparatory - general and specific arousal such as in different motivation states. communicative - facial & postural expressions. Optimal arousal enhances mental and physical performance. ...
... Functions of peripheral aspects of emotion: preparatory - general and specific arousal such as in different motivation states. communicative - facial & postural expressions. Optimal arousal enhances mental and physical performance. ...
PDF of article - Janelia Research Campus
... hand side of Figure 2f to b). LPTCs, however, still respond to both rotation and translation of the fly, whereas the gaze-stabilization system is primarily tuned for rotations [12]. This ambiguity is partially resolved by neck motor neurons (NMNs) [31!] and some descending neurons (DNs) [32] which i ...
... hand side of Figure 2f to b). LPTCs, however, still respond to both rotation and translation of the fly, whereas the gaze-stabilization system is primarily tuned for rotations [12]. This ambiguity is partially resolved by neck motor neurons (NMNs) [31!] and some descending neurons (DNs) [32] which i ...
The assessment of hemispheric lateralization in functional MRI
... Subsequently, data were bandpass filtered (hrf as lowpass filter, cut-off period of the highpass filter was set using standard settings) and statistically analyzed in the context of the general linear model, using boxcar regressors convolved with the canonical hemodynamic response to model responses ...
... Subsequently, data were bandpass filtered (hrf as lowpass filter, cut-off period of the highpass filter was set using standard settings) and statistically analyzed in the context of the general linear model, using boxcar regressors convolved with the canonical hemodynamic response to model responses ...
Hypothesized neural dynamics of working memory
... scales (e.g., [36]). For example, electroencephalogram (EEG) activity may play causal roles, in some of its manifestations, even if it is epiphenomenal in others. Graded potentials and currents are more ubiquitous aspects of neural physiology than are the action potentials that they sometimes genera ...
... scales (e.g., [36]). For example, electroencephalogram (EEG) activity may play causal roles, in some of its manifestations, even if it is epiphenomenal in others. Graded potentials and currents are more ubiquitous aspects of neural physiology than are the action potentials that they sometimes genera ...
from discrete neuronal ensembles to serial order
... influence on each other (Tsumoto, 1992). Thus, the original proposal made by Hebb, that coincidence of neuronal firing strengthens connections, appears to represent only half of the truth and had therefore to be modified. Because co-activation of two neurons strengthens their mutual connections and ...
... influence on each other (Tsumoto, 1992). Thus, the original proposal made by Hebb, that coincidence of neuronal firing strengthens connections, appears to represent only half of the truth and had therefore to be modified. Because co-activation of two neurons strengthens their mutual connections and ...
(fMRI) in Brain Tumour Patients
... brain function of interest. Typical tasks to induce motor activation are finger tapping (Figure 1), wrist flexion, foot tapping, and lip pouting, for somatotopic mapping along the motor cortex. Commonly used tasks to activate the language areas are verb-to-noun generation (Figure 2), passive listeni ...
... brain function of interest. Typical tasks to induce motor activation are finger tapping (Figure 1), wrist flexion, foot tapping, and lip pouting, for somatotopic mapping along the motor cortex. Commonly used tasks to activate the language areas are verb-to-noun generation (Figure 2), passive listeni ...
Age-related differences in brain activity underlying identification of
... (Lane et al., 1997a, b, c; Reiman et al., 1997). Emotional tasks also involve the anterior cingulate, particularly when some cognitive component, in addition to emotion perception, is added to the task (e.g. gender identification or recognition of emotional stimuli, Taylor et al., 1998; Whalen et al ...
... (Lane et al., 1997a, b, c; Reiman et al., 1997). Emotional tasks also involve the anterior cingulate, particularly when some cognitive component, in addition to emotion perception, is added to the task (e.g. gender identification or recognition of emotional stimuli, Taylor et al., 1998; Whalen et al ...
Differentiating Noxious- and Innocuous
... 1937). More recently, however, neurophysiological studies have documented that SI and SII receive noxious and innocuous cutaneous input from somatosensory thalamus (Friedman and Murray 1986; Gingold et al. 1991; Kenshalo et al. 1980; Rausell and Jones 1991; Shi and Apkarian 1995) and contain neurons ...
... 1937). More recently, however, neurophysiological studies have documented that SI and SII receive noxious and innocuous cutaneous input from somatosensory thalamus (Friedman and Murray 1986; Gingold et al. 1991; Kenshalo et al. 1980; Rausell and Jones 1991; Shi and Apkarian 1995) and contain neurons ...
Evolution of Specialized Pyramidal Neurons in
... 1993, 1997; Zeki, 1993]. Every attempt was made to sample tissue consistently from only the right hemisphere. In the available materials, however, this could only be ensured for the anthropoids in the sample. Nonetheless, in light of evidence that neuronal sizes in area 4 [Hayes and Lewis, 1995] and ...
... 1993, 1997; Zeki, 1993]. Every attempt was made to sample tissue consistently from only the right hemisphere. In the available materials, however, this could only be ensured for the anthropoids in the sample. Nonetheless, in light of evidence that neuronal sizes in area 4 [Hayes and Lewis, 1995] and ...
Parietal Cortex and Hippocampal Contributions to RuleBased
... The first major discovery of spatial mapping in the brain occurred in 1971, when John O’Keefe found a special cell with a unique firing pattern in a part of the brain called the hippocampus. These cells, later called place cells, were found to fire when a rat was in a particular place in its envir ...
... The first major discovery of spatial mapping in the brain occurred in 1971, when John O’Keefe found a special cell with a unique firing pattern in a part of the brain called the hippocampus. These cells, later called place cells, were found to fire when a rat was in a particular place in its envir ...
Brain Day Volunteer Instructor Guide
... Touch is categorized by the sensory receptors that detect the types of stimuli (see below). Receptors and neurons allow us to interpret sensation. Chemical, thermal or mechanical stimuli is changed to an electrical signal that the brain can understand. The size of sensory receiving areas, relative t ...
... Touch is categorized by the sensory receptors that detect the types of stimuli (see below). Receptors and neurons allow us to interpret sensation. Chemical, thermal or mechanical stimuli is changed to an electrical signal that the brain can understand. The size of sensory receiving areas, relative t ...
Meta analysis
... Neuronavigation surgery in China: reality and prospects WU Jin-song, LU Jun-feng, GONG Xiu, MAO Ying and ZHOU Liang-fu Keywords: neurosurgery; neuronavigation; medical image Objective To review the history, development, and reality of neuronavigation surgery in China and to discuss the future of neu ...
... Neuronavigation surgery in China: reality and prospects WU Jin-song, LU Jun-feng, GONG Xiu, MAO Ying and ZHOU Liang-fu Keywords: neurosurgery; neuronavigation; medical image Objective To review the history, development, and reality of neuronavigation surgery in China and to discuss the future of neu ...
Nerve growth factor improves visual loss in childhood optic
... log-transformed to limit skewness. However, the statistical analysis produced similar results when using the original scale. Ordinal variables (i.e. presence of adverse events such as periocular pain, changes in pupillary responses, changes in visual field extension) were analysed by non-parametric t ...
... log-transformed to limit skewness. However, the statistical analysis produced similar results when using the original scale. Ordinal variables (i.e. presence of adverse events such as periocular pain, changes in pupillary responses, changes in visual field extension) were analysed by non-parametric t ...
Evolution of Nervous Systems and Brains
... sequence of a membrane channel), then it appears more likely that these species are related and the coincidence of characters is due to common ancestry, i.e., that they are homologous. However, there is increasing evidence that convergent-homoplastic evolution is much more common than previously bel ...
... sequence of a membrane channel), then it appears more likely that these species are related and the coincidence of characters is due to common ancestry, i.e., that they are homologous. However, there is increasing evidence that convergent-homoplastic evolution is much more common than previously bel ...
Towards understanding of the cortical network underlying
... Declarative knowledge and experiences are represented in the association cortex and are recalled by reactivation of the neural representation. Electrophysiological experiments have revealed that associations between semantically linked visual objects are formed in neural representations in the tempo ...
... Declarative knowledge and experiences are represented in the association cortex and are recalled by reactivation of the neural representation. Electrophysiological experiments have revealed that associations between semantically linked visual objects are formed in neural representations in the tempo ...
Neuroesthetics
Neuroesthetics (or neuroaesthetics) is a relatively recent sub-discipline of empirical aesthetics. Empirical aesthetics takes a scientific approach to the study of aesthetic perceptions of art and music. Neuroesthetics received its formal definition in 2002 as the scientific study of the neural bases for the contemplation and creation of a work of art. Neuroesthetics uses neuroscience to explain and understand the aesthetic experiences at the neurological level. The topic attracts scholars from many disciplines including neuroscientists, art historians, artists, and psychologists.