The Anterior Cingulate Cortex - John Allman
... The amplitude of this signal increases with task difficulty.25 When the subject is restless and anxious, the signal is reduced or eliminated; when the anxiety is relieved with drugs, the signal is restored.26,27 These findings suggest that one dimension in the functioning of anterior cingulate corte ...
... The amplitude of this signal increases with task difficulty.25 When the subject is restless and anxious, the signal is reduced or eliminated; when the anxiety is relieved with drugs, the signal is restored.26,27 These findings suggest that one dimension in the functioning of anterior cingulate corte ...
Nervous Systems
... diffuse nerve net (Figure 49.2a), which controls the contraction and expansion of the gastrovascular cavity. Unlike the nervous systems of other animals, the nerve net of cnidarians lacks clusters of neurons that perform specialized functions. In more complex animals, the axons of multiple nerve ce ...
... diffuse nerve net (Figure 49.2a), which controls the contraction and expansion of the gastrovascular cavity. Unlike the nervous systems of other animals, the nerve net of cnidarians lacks clusters of neurons that perform specialized functions. In more complex animals, the axons of multiple nerve ce ...
Enhanced Perceptual Functioning in Autism
... functioning. We suggested that the operations that are superior among autistic persons can be encompassed under the term ‘‘perception’’, as understood in the 1990s cognitive neuropsychology literature (Ellis & Young, 1988). This broader view of perception ranges from feature detection up to and incl ...
... functioning. We suggested that the operations that are superior among autistic persons can be encompassed under the term ‘‘perception’’, as understood in the 1990s cognitive neuropsychology literature (Ellis & Young, 1988). This broader view of perception ranges from feature detection up to and incl ...
A Self-Organizing Neural Network for Contour Integration through Synchronized Firing
... Pettet, McKee, & Grzywacz, 1998; Geisler & Super, 2000) and computational models (Yen & Finkel, 1997; Li, 1998; Yen & Finkel, 1998; Geisler & Super, 2000) suggest that contour integration in the visual cortex may be due to interaction of neurons with similar orientation tuning. The models perform in ...
... Pettet, McKee, & Grzywacz, 1998; Geisler & Super, 2000) and computational models (Yen & Finkel, 1997; Li, 1998; Yen & Finkel, 1998; Geisler & Super, 2000) suggest that contour integration in the visual cortex may be due to interaction of neurons with similar orientation tuning. The models perform in ...
Power Point CH 15
... • A small midline mass of gray matter called the interthalamic adhesion (or intermediate mass) connects the right and left thalamic bodies. • Each part of the thalamus is a gray matter mass composed of about a dozen or more thalamic nuclei with axons projecting to particular regions of the cerebral ...
... • A small midline mass of gray matter called the interthalamic adhesion (or intermediate mass) connects the right and left thalamic bodies. • Each part of the thalamus is a gray matter mass composed of about a dozen or more thalamic nuclei with axons projecting to particular regions of the cerebral ...
Computational approaches to sensorimotor transformations
... motor plans using these representations. In each case, we examine the extent to which models relying on basis functions are consistent with known neurobiology. Remarkably, all three tasks—computation, learning and short-term memory of spatial representations—can be efficiently handled using a neural ...
... motor plans using these representations. In each case, we examine the extent to which models relying on basis functions are consistent with known neurobiology. Remarkably, all three tasks—computation, learning and short-term memory of spatial representations—can be efficiently handled using a neural ...
Experimental Brain Research 221(1)
... area (MIP) (Johnson et al. 1996; Eskandar and Assad 1999), area 5 (Kalaska 1996; Ferraina et al. 2001), area 7A (MacKay 1992; Johnson et al. 1996; Battaglia-Mayer et al. 2000), V6A (situated between V6 and MIP within the superior parietal cortex near the junction of the dorsal parieto-occipital sulc ...
... area (MIP) (Johnson et al. 1996; Eskandar and Assad 1999), area 5 (Kalaska 1996; Ferraina et al. 2001), area 7A (MacKay 1992; Johnson et al. 1996; Battaglia-Mayer et al. 2000), V6A (situated between V6 and MIP within the superior parietal cortex near the junction of the dorsal parieto-occipital sulc ...
Review Historical aspects of the anatomy of the reticular formation
... isolé, in a cat anaesthetised with ether. It consisted of a transection of the brainstem between the pons and the midbrain, while continuously ensuring cerebral irrigation through the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. By using oscillographic records, he reported that the telencephalon maintained ...
... isolé, in a cat anaesthetised with ether. It consisted of a transection of the brainstem between the pons and the midbrain, while continuously ensuring cerebral irrigation through the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. By using oscillographic records, he reported that the telencephalon maintained ...
The Human Mirror Neuron System and Embodied
... Jeannerod, 1999). Various lines of evidence have been pursued to delineate the anatomy and functional domain of this so-called ‘‘mirror network’’. At the neuronal level, mirror neurons are defined as those that fire during specific goal-related behaviors, regardless of whether the behavior is self-g ...
... Jeannerod, 1999). Various lines of evidence have been pursued to delineate the anatomy and functional domain of this so-called ‘‘mirror network’’. At the neuronal level, mirror neurons are defined as those that fire during specific goal-related behaviors, regardless of whether the behavior is self-g ...
Chapter 17 Intrinsic Optical Signal Imaging of Normal and Abnormal
... with a high enough frequency, or transition to an ictal event, then the increase in Hbr persists and a localized BOLD signal is not observed (Fig. 17.8). There are several implications to this discovery. First, it directly contradicts most fMRI studies of epileptiform events, which have generally s ...
... with a high enough frequency, or transition to an ictal event, then the increase in Hbr persists and a localized BOLD signal is not observed (Fig. 17.8). There are several implications to this discovery. First, it directly contradicts most fMRI studies of epileptiform events, which have generally s ...
Hyperhidrosis Due to Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation in a Patient
... presented with progressive action tremor of the right hand for five years. ¾ He later developed a head tremor in the horizontal plane and action tremor in the left hand. ¾The bilateral hand tremor gradually interfered with activities of daily living. Examination showed postural and action tremor in ...
... presented with progressive action tremor of the right hand for five years. ¾ He later developed a head tremor in the horizontal plane and action tremor in the left hand. ¾The bilateral hand tremor gradually interfered with activities of daily living. Examination showed postural and action tremor in ...
Sliding
... post then pre-> LTD: several hypothesis 1) Ca entry during the AP. Ca is not fully removed by the time synapses are activated and help to bring [Ca]i to the LTD threshold 2) Ca entry during the AP desensitizes the NMDAR so it does no reach the threshold for LTP. (contradicts 1) 3) Ca entry during th ...
... post then pre-> LTD: several hypothesis 1) Ca entry during the AP. Ca is not fully removed by the time synapses are activated and help to bring [Ca]i to the LTD threshold 2) Ca entry during the AP desensitizes the NMDAR so it does no reach the threshold for LTP. (contradicts 1) 3) Ca entry during th ...
Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain
... ventricles within the brain. We then explore some new methods of examining the structure of the living brain. But first, we need to review some anatomical terminology. ...
... ventricles within the brain. We then explore some new methods of examining the structure of the living brain. But first, we need to review some anatomical terminology. ...
Sounds of Silence BU scientists are helping a paralyzed man utter his
... The mission to give people like Ramsey back their voice began in the early 1990s, when Guenther created a computer-based model of the neural circuitry that fires every time we speak. The model, the first of its kind, ranges across several parts of the brain, including the areas responsible for the h ...
... The mission to give people like Ramsey back their voice began in the early 1990s, when Guenther created a computer-based model of the neural circuitry that fires every time we speak. The model, the first of its kind, ranges across several parts of the brain, including the areas responsible for the h ...
Introducing a New Product - V
... then, we are changed moment to moment by the thoughts we think, the information we learn, the events we experience, the reactions we have, the feelings we create, the memories we process, and even the dreams we embrace. All of these alter the way the brain works, producing new states of mind that ar ...
... then, we are changed moment to moment by the thoughts we think, the information we learn, the events we experience, the reactions we have, the feelings we create, the memories we process, and even the dreams we embrace. All of these alter the way the brain works, producing new states of mind that ar ...
Spatial and temporal correlation between neuron neuronopathic Gaucher disease
... the VPM/VPL, such that it was densely stained by 16 days and was the most affected brain area at this age (Fig. 5A). Optical fractionator estimates of neuron number revealed that the robust microglial activation in the VPM/VPL was accompanied by massive and rapid neuron loss, with a 57% reduction at ...
... the VPM/VPL, such that it was densely stained by 16 days and was the most affected brain area at this age (Fig. 5A). Optical fractionator estimates of neuron number revealed that the robust microglial activation in the VPM/VPL was accompanied by massive and rapid neuron loss, with a 57% reduction at ...
Body and Behavior - Miami East Local Schools
... neuron fires, it does so at full strength. If a neuron is not stimulated past the minimum, or threshold, level, it does not fire at all. Basic Parts of a Neuron Neurons have four basic parts: dendrites, the cell body (which contains the nucleus), an axon, and axon terminals. Dendrites are short, thi ...
... neuron fires, it does so at full strength. If a neuron is not stimulated past the minimum, or threshold, level, it does not fire at all. Basic Parts of a Neuron Neurons have four basic parts: dendrites, the cell body (which contains the nucleus), an axon, and axon terminals. Dendrites are short, thi ...
ch. 6 pdf - TeacherWeb
... neuron fires, it does so at full strength. If a neuron is not stimulated past the minimum, or threshold, level, it does not fire at all. Basic Parts of a Neuron Neurons have four basic parts: dendrites, the cell body (which contains the nucleus), an axon, and axon terminals. Dendrites are short, thi ...
... neuron fires, it does so at full strength. If a neuron is not stimulated past the minimum, or threshold, level, it does not fire at all. Basic Parts of a Neuron Neurons have four basic parts: dendrites, the cell body (which contains the nucleus), an axon, and axon terminals. Dendrites are short, thi ...
Separate neural subsystems within `Wernicke`s area`
... perception have drawn attention to the role of lateral auditory projections in speech processing (Binder et al., 1996, 2000; Belin et al., 2000). The authors of these studies concluded that analysis of the complex acoustic features of the human voice is dependent on neurons within the superior tempo ...
... perception have drawn attention to the role of lateral auditory projections in speech processing (Binder et al., 1996, 2000; Belin et al., 2000). The authors of these studies concluded that analysis of the complex acoustic features of the human voice is dependent on neurons within the superior tempo ...
Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human
... across species, suggesting that the average neuronal cell size increases in larger rodent brains (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006), the primate brain increases in mass linearly with increases in its number of neurons across species, suggesting that the average neuronal cell size does not increase sign ...
... across species, suggesting that the average neuronal cell size increases in larger rodent brains (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006), the primate brain increases in mass linearly with increases in its number of neurons across species, suggesting that the average neuronal cell size does not increase sign ...
Within-hemifield perceptual averaging of facial expressions
... (e.g., a valence-neutral face) at 8 spikes/sec, when each pattern is presented alone. This neuron would respond at about 14 spikes/sec (an average of 20 spikes/sec and 8 spikes/sec) when both patterns are simultaneously presented within its receptive field. We investigated whether this neural averag ...
... (e.g., a valence-neutral face) at 8 spikes/sec, when each pattern is presented alone. This neuron would respond at about 14 spikes/sec (an average of 20 spikes/sec and 8 spikes/sec) when both patterns are simultaneously presented within its receptive field. We investigated whether this neural averag ...
Aerobic Exercise and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Brain
... speakers who have recovered from ADHD; and S12, summary of ADHD education. All sessions were presented by one psychiatrist and one social worker. Brain activity. In subjects with ADHD, at baseline and after 6 wk of treatment, brain activity in response to the modified WCST was assessed using 3-T fMR ...
... speakers who have recovered from ADHD; and S12, summary of ADHD education. All sessions were presented by one psychiatrist and one social worker. Brain activity. In subjects with ADHD, at baseline and after 6 wk of treatment, brain activity in response to the modified WCST was assessed using 3-T fMR ...
Neuroesthetics
Neuroesthetics (or neuroaesthetics) is a relatively recent sub-discipline of empirical aesthetics. Empirical aesthetics takes a scientific approach to the study of aesthetic perceptions of art and music. Neuroesthetics received its formal definition in 2002 as the scientific study of the neural bases for the contemplation and creation of a work of art. Neuroesthetics uses neuroscience to explain and understand the aesthetic experiences at the neurological level. The topic attracts scholars from many disciplines including neuroscientists, art historians, artists, and psychologists.