Baars - neurofeedback - Aspen2008
... NEURON, or almost any arbitrary POPULATION of neurons has been reliablr reported for about fifty years. ...
... NEURON, or almost any arbitrary POPULATION of neurons has been reliablr reported for about fifty years. ...
new insights into the functions of the superior temporal cortex
... Unfortunately, only two of these five monkeys received a lesion at one location only. In all other animals in which Watson et al.2 made STS lesions, ablation was added to pre-existing brain lesions (of inferior parietal cortex in two cases, and of frontal cortex and corpus callosum in the third). On ...
... Unfortunately, only two of these five monkeys received a lesion at one location only. In all other animals in which Watson et al.2 made STS lesions, ablation was added to pre-existing brain lesions (of inferior parietal cortex in two cases, and of frontal cortex and corpus callosum in the third). On ...
Separate neural subsystems within `Wernicke`s area`
... established (Binder et al., 1996), nor is the claim for anatomical asymmetry universally accepted (Westbury et al., 1999). In contrast, functional neuroimaging studies of speech perception have drawn attention to the role of lateral auditory projections in speech processing (Binder et al., 1996, 200 ...
... established (Binder et al., 1996), nor is the claim for anatomical asymmetry universally accepted (Westbury et al., 1999). In contrast, functional neuroimaging studies of speech perception have drawn attention to the role of lateral auditory projections in speech processing (Binder et al., 1996, 200 ...
Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex
... circuits and long-range fiber pathways. This complex network forms the structural substrate for distributed interactions among specialized brain systems [1–3]. Computational network analysis [4] has provided insight into the organization of large-scale cortical connectivity in several species, includ ...
... circuits and long-range fiber pathways. This complex network forms the structural substrate for distributed interactions among specialized brain systems [1–3]. Computational network analysis [4] has provided insight into the organization of large-scale cortical connectivity in several species, includ ...
Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex
... circuits and long-range fiber pathways. This complex network forms the structural substrate for distributed interactions among specialized brain systems [1–3]. Computational network analysis [4] has provided insight into the organization of large-scale cortical connectivity in several species, includ ...
... circuits and long-range fiber pathways. This complex network forms the structural substrate for distributed interactions among specialized brain systems [1–3]. Computational network analysis [4] has provided insight into the organization of large-scale cortical connectivity in several species, includ ...
1 - u.arizona.edu
... - midbrain reticular formation ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) promotes wakefulness by affecting thalamus and cortex - ARAS thalamic relay and association nuclei (tonic mode) - ARAS projects to midline and intralaminar nuclei of thalamus these project to cortical areas activat ...
... - midbrain reticular formation ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) promotes wakefulness by affecting thalamus and cortex - ARAS thalamic relay and association nuclei (tonic mode) - ARAS projects to midline and intralaminar nuclei of thalamus these project to cortical areas activat ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College
... – Falx cerebri: in longitudinal fissure; attached to crista ...
... – Falx cerebri: in longitudinal fissure; attached to crista ...
Region-specific effects of hypothyroidism on the relative expression
... Recent knockout and knock-in studies in mice and the use of synthetic TR agonists revealed common as well as divergent actions of the TR isoforms, indicating that the relative expression of each TR isoform in each target tissue may regulate the specific response of these tissues to T3 [25–29]. Knock ...
... Recent knockout and knock-in studies in mice and the use of synthetic TR agonists revealed common as well as divergent actions of the TR isoforms, indicating that the relative expression of each TR isoform in each target tissue may regulate the specific response of these tissues to T3 [25–29]. Knock ...
Nervous System
... – Seeing and hearing words- dependent upon primary visual and auditory center functions – Speaking words-depends upon primary motor cortex function – Left and right cerebral hemispheres have different functions related to language and speech • Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are only in the left hemisp ...
... – Seeing and hearing words- dependent upon primary visual and auditory center functions – Speaking words-depends upon primary motor cortex function – Left and right cerebral hemispheres have different functions related to language and speech • Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are only in the left hemisp ...
Computational modeling of responses in human visual
... behind the occipital pole. The underlying anatomy is the same for the two meshes, differing only in the color overlays. The color overlays show the most effective angle (left) or the most effective ec ...
... behind the occipital pole. The underlying anatomy is the same for the two meshes, differing only in the color overlays. The color overlays show the most effective angle (left) or the most effective ec ...
disrupted brain thyroid hormone homeostasis
... Developmental Disorders at the University of Maryland; donor and the donated brain tissue profiles are presented in Table 1. A total of 11 control and 10 ASD cases were examined. For cerebellar (CB) analysis a total of 5 control and 5 ASD cases were used, for the brain stem (BST) analysis, a total o ...
... Developmental Disorders at the University of Maryland; donor and the donated brain tissue profiles are presented in Table 1. A total of 11 control and 10 ASD cases were examined. For cerebellar (CB) analysis a total of 5 control and 5 ASD cases were used, for the brain stem (BST) analysis, a total o ...
Responses of the Human Brain to Mild Dehydration and
... morphometry demonstrated corresponding decreases of cortical thickness and volumes of the whole brain, cortex, white matter, and hypothalamus/thalamus. These changes reversed during rehydration. Continuous fluid ingestion of 1 L of water for 1 hour within the scanner lowered serum osmolality by 0.96% ...
... morphometry demonstrated corresponding decreases of cortical thickness and volumes of the whole brain, cortex, white matter, and hypothalamus/thalamus. These changes reversed during rehydration. Continuous fluid ingestion of 1 L of water for 1 hour within the scanner lowered serum osmolality by 0.96% ...
Parietal Cortex and Hippocampal Contributions to RuleBased
... The first major discovery of spatial mapping in the brain occurred in 1971, when John O’Keefe found a special cell with a unique firing pattern in a part of the brain called the hippocampus. These cells, later called place cells, were found to fire when a rat was in a particular place in its envir ...
... The first major discovery of spatial mapping in the brain occurred in 1971, when John O’Keefe found a special cell with a unique firing pattern in a part of the brain called the hippocampus. These cells, later called place cells, were found to fire when a rat was in a particular place in its envir ...
Timing of Impulses From the Central Amygdala and Bed Nucleus of
... BNST projections to the CE mostly originate in its anterolateral and anteromedial divisions, and the same regions receive the bulk of CE outputs. A puzzling property of amygdalo–BNST connections shown in preceding studies is that there is tremendous heterogeneity in the course taken by these axons t ...
... BNST projections to the CE mostly originate in its anterolateral and anteromedial divisions, and the same regions receive the bulk of CE outputs. A puzzling property of amygdalo–BNST connections shown in preceding studies is that there is tremendous heterogeneity in the course taken by these axons t ...
Brain mechanisms for switching from automatic to controlled eye
... combinations of neural connectivity between the STN and the GPe (Nambu et al., 2000), which may allow STN-projecting cortical areas to control body movements in many different ways. Currently we have no data on the possible Go mechanism involving the caudate nucleus. There is some evidence from huma ...
... combinations of neural connectivity between the STN and the GPe (Nambu et al., 2000), which may allow STN-projecting cortical areas to control body movements in many different ways. Currently we have no data on the possible Go mechanism involving the caudate nucleus. There is some evidence from huma ...
The Nervous System Organization of the Nervous System
... CSF forms at the choroid plexus, circulates within the ventricles, down the spinal canal, out into the sub-arachnoid space, and back up and around the brain. ...
... CSF forms at the choroid plexus, circulates within the ventricles, down the spinal canal, out into the sub-arachnoid space, and back up and around the brain. ...
KIDS, Inc. - School Neuropsychology
... limbic system. This is where senses and awareness are first processed in the brain. • Mood and personality are mediated through the prefrontal cortex. This part of the brain is the center of higher cognitive and emotional functions. ...
... limbic system. This is where senses and awareness are first processed in the brain. • Mood and personality are mediated through the prefrontal cortex. This part of the brain is the center of higher cognitive and emotional functions. ...
Structure and function of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) brains
... for chemical and tactile cues. To perform antennal movements, antennae are equipped with sets of muscles inside the head capsule and others inside the antenna's basal segment, the scape. All of these muscles are controlled by motor neurons that reside in a brain region behind (posterior to) the ante ...
... for chemical and tactile cues. To perform antennal movements, antennae are equipped with sets of muscles inside the head capsule and others inside the antenna's basal segment, the scape. All of these muscles are controlled by motor neurons that reside in a brain region behind (posterior to) the ante ...
from discrete neuronal ensembles to serial order
... that these functions are localized exclusively in the respective brain part. The lesioned area could have a more general function, as the brain stem has in regulating arousal, which is necessary for a specific higher brain function such as language. In this case, one would perhaps not want to locali ...
... that these functions are localized exclusively in the respective brain part. The lesioned area could have a more general function, as the brain stem has in regulating arousal, which is necessary for a specific higher brain function such as language. In this case, one would perhaps not want to locali ...
Imaging the premotor areas Nathalie Picard* and Peter L Strick
... wall of the brain contains two separate areas: the supplementary motor area proper (SMA) in the caudal portion of area 6, and the pre-SMA in the rostral portion (Figure 1a; reviewed in [2,4]). The SMA and pre-SMA are equivalent to fields F3 and F6 described by Matelli et al. [5]. In humans, the leve ...
... wall of the brain contains two separate areas: the supplementary motor area proper (SMA) in the caudal portion of area 6, and the pre-SMA in the rostral portion (Figure 1a; reviewed in [2,4]). The SMA and pre-SMA are equivalent to fields F3 and F6 described by Matelli et al. [5]. In humans, the leve ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.