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ADHD: The Biology Behind the Behavior Presentation
... Callosum Prefrontal Cortex Basal Ganglia Cerebellum ...
... Callosum Prefrontal Cortex Basal Ganglia Cerebellum ...
Regulation of rCBF by Diffusible Signals: An Analysis of Constraints
... active neurons release vasodilatory substances into the interstitial space that diffuse to local blood vessels and produce vasodilation. Many substances have been proposed as mediators of the local vascular response to neural activity [see Iadecola, 1993, for a review]. The most recent candidate is ...
... active neurons release vasodilatory substances into the interstitial space that diffuse to local blood vessels and produce vasodilation. Many substances have been proposed as mediators of the local vascular response to neural activity [see Iadecola, 1993, for a review]. The most recent candidate is ...
Neurons
... ions remains outside the cell, causing the cell to have a slightly negative charge, called a resting potential, relative to the surrounding fluid. The resting potential of a neuron is about ⫺70 millivolts (mV) (a millivolt is one-thousandth of a volt). Like a charged battery sitting on a shelf, a ne ...
... ions remains outside the cell, causing the cell to have a slightly negative charge, called a resting potential, relative to the surrounding fluid. The resting potential of a neuron is about ⫺70 millivolts (mV) (a millivolt is one-thousandth of a volt). Like a charged battery sitting on a shelf, a ne ...
- Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation Association
... reactions to new environmental stimuli can be measured to determine how well, and in what areas, the visual and nonvisual retinal systems are interacting [16]. Information processing, perception and motor disorders can thereby be identified and modified. As an aid to rehabilitation, lenses can be desi ...
... reactions to new environmental stimuli can be measured to determine how well, and in what areas, the visual and nonvisual retinal systems are interacting [16]. Information processing, perception and motor disorders can thereby be identified and modified. As an aid to rehabilitation, lenses can be desi ...
The Biological Perspective
... myelin sheath does for the axons. Bundled all together, they form a cable that is much stronger and less vulnerable to breakage than any wire alone would be. It works the same way in the nervous system. Bundles of myelin-coated axons travel together in “cables” called nerves. A few other facts about ...
... myelin sheath does for the axons. Bundled all together, they form a cable that is much stronger and less vulnerable to breakage than any wire alone would be. It works the same way in the nervous system. Bundles of myelin-coated axons travel together in “cables” called nerves. A few other facts about ...
Hierarchical somatosensory processing
... to have larger and more complex RFs, including bilateral ones [8]. SII has been viewed as being composed of at least two parts [42,44], with area 3b having greater connections to the anterior part [42]; however, it is not yet known whether there is a hierarchical relationship between the ...
... to have larger and more complex RFs, including bilateral ones [8]. SII has been viewed as being composed of at least two parts [42,44], with area 3b having greater connections to the anterior part [42]; however, it is not yet known whether there is a hierarchical relationship between the ...
Warren S. McCulloch: Why the Mind Is in the Head
... There are other closed paths important in the origin of ideas, circuits which have "negative feedback." In terms of them reflexes were first defined as actions starting in some part of the body, setting up impulses to the central nervous system, whence they were reflected to those structures in whic ...
... There are other closed paths important in the origin of ideas, circuits which have "negative feedback." In terms of them reflexes were first defined as actions starting in some part of the body, setting up impulses to the central nervous system, whence they were reflected to those structures in whic ...
Neural correlates of consciousness: A definition of the dorsal and
... change in joint position served by the basal ganglia and cerebellum, respectively. This leads to a component theory of motor efference copy providing a fundamental tool for categorizing dorsal and ventral stream networks. The rationale for this is that the dorsal stream specifies spatial coordinates ...
... change in joint position served by the basal ganglia and cerebellum, respectively. This leads to a component theory of motor efference copy providing a fundamental tool for categorizing dorsal and ventral stream networks. The rationale for this is that the dorsal stream specifies spatial coordinates ...
The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of
... Fig. 1. The classical view of emotion. The classical view of emotion includes basic emotion theories (e.g. for a review, see Tracy and Randles, 2011), causal appraisal theories (e.g. Scherer, 2009; Roseman, 2011), and theories of emotion that rely on black-box functionalism (Davis, 1992; Anderson an ...
... Fig. 1. The classical view of emotion. The classical view of emotion includes basic emotion theories (e.g. for a review, see Tracy and Randles, 2011), causal appraisal theories (e.g. Scherer, 2009; Roseman, 2011), and theories of emotion that rely on black-box functionalism (Davis, 1992; Anderson an ...
Avian brains and a new understanding of
... part of the amygdala were pallial, but this view was largely ignored at the time). In birds, the finding that the structures that had been called hyperstriatum, neostriatum and archistriatum were neither striatum nor pallidum raised the question of which telencephalic sector these regions did repres ...
... part of the amygdala were pallial, but this view was largely ignored at the time). In birds, the finding that the structures that had been called hyperstriatum, neostriatum and archistriatum were neither striatum nor pallidum raised the question of which telencephalic sector these regions did repres ...
Cell Density in the Border Zone Around Old Small Human Brain
... their location or of their combination with deep infarcts as in patients No. 6 and 7, the cortical infarcts appeared as described above. In patient No. 8 two separate parts of the cortex lying superjacent to the striate infarct showed cortical necrosis with preservation of a few neurons in the tissu ...
... their location or of their combination with deep infarcts as in patients No. 6 and 7, the cortical infarcts appeared as described above. In patient No. 8 two separate parts of the cortex lying superjacent to the striate infarct showed cortical necrosis with preservation of a few neurons in the tissu ...
Development of the Nervous System
... The neural crest cells also differentiate into several types of principal cells to contribute to the peripheral nervous system. For example, sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and cranial ganglia, postganglionic autonomic neurons, Schwann cells of the PNS, and nonneuronal derivatives such as ...
... The neural crest cells also differentiate into several types of principal cells to contribute to the peripheral nervous system. For example, sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and cranial ganglia, postganglionic autonomic neurons, Schwann cells of the PNS, and nonneuronal derivatives such as ...
What can cognitive psychology and sensory evaluation learn from
... evaluation. I conclude this part by suggesting that the orbitofrontal cortex may be the brain structure that performs this integration. What can cognitive psychology learn from sensory evaluation? Recently, cognitive psychology has started to recognize the importance of working with naturalistic sti ...
... evaluation. I conclude this part by suggesting that the orbitofrontal cortex may be the brain structure that performs this integration. What can cognitive psychology learn from sensory evaluation? Recently, cognitive psychology has started to recognize the importance of working with naturalistic sti ...
Thinking About Thinking
... circular definition. Other definitions include words such as “reasoning,” “imagination,” “conception,” and “consideration” – all of these are abstract nouns. None of these definitions treat “thought” as a real or tangible object. In this book, I shall attempt to present my ideas about thought in way ...
... circular definition. Other definitions include words such as “reasoning,” “imagination,” “conception,” and “consideration” – all of these are abstract nouns. None of these definitions treat “thought” as a real or tangible object. In this book, I shall attempt to present my ideas about thought in way ...
Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in axon terminals from the olfactory
... involved injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the olfactory bulb and a postembedding immunogold method for electron microscopy revealed anterogradely labelled terminals making asymmetric synaptic contacts on dendrites in the piriform cortex which contained high levels of g ...
... involved injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the olfactory bulb and a postembedding immunogold method for electron microscopy revealed anterogradely labelled terminals making asymmetric synaptic contacts on dendrites in the piriform cortex which contained high levels of g ...
Freud Returns - Socialscientist.us
... basic emotional-control systems with our primate relatives and with all mammals. At the deep level of mental organization that Freud called the id, the functional anatomy and chemistry of our brains is not much different from that of our favorite barnyard animals and household pets. Modern neuroscie ...
... basic emotional-control systems with our primate relatives and with all mammals. At the deep level of mental organization that Freud called the id, the functional anatomy and chemistry of our brains is not much different from that of our favorite barnyard animals and household pets. Modern neuroscie ...
Imitating the Brain with Neurocomputer A New Way towards Artificial
... For a long time, making intelligent machines has been a big dream of our human beings. From the early days of the conventional computer, it is regarded as a such platform. For example, the proposal for the Dartmouth summer meeting on artificial intelligence (AI) in 1956 claimed that[1] as the speeds ...
... For a long time, making intelligent machines has been a big dream of our human beings. From the early days of the conventional computer, it is regarded as a such platform. For example, the proposal for the Dartmouth summer meeting on artificial intelligence (AI) in 1956 claimed that[1] as the speeds ...
17 Human Single Unit Activity for Reach and Grasp Motor Prostheses
... perform the reach and grasp. Parietal regions are also reciprocally connected with premotor regions. AIP is reciprocally connected with ventral premotor cortex (PMv) while area 7 is reciprocally connected with dorsal premotor cortex (PMd). These circuits are thought to be preferentially involved in ...
... perform the reach and grasp. Parietal regions are also reciprocally connected with premotor regions. AIP is reciprocally connected with ventral premotor cortex (PMv) while area 7 is reciprocally connected with dorsal premotor cortex (PMd). These circuits are thought to be preferentially involved in ...
US Copyright Law
... order to lay out the neural "highways" that allow information to get from one place to another. This problem is made complex by the fact that neurons are not wired together in a simple, serial circuit. A single cortical neuron is likely to be innervated by (i.e., receive inputs from) large numbers o ...
... order to lay out the neural "highways" that allow information to get from one place to another. This problem is made complex by the fact that neurons are not wired together in a simple, serial circuit. A single cortical neuron is likely to be innervated by (i.e., receive inputs from) large numbers o ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.