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protein synthesis and mutations
protein synthesis and mutations

... egg formation, causing the boy to end up with XXY ...
Genomics on the Web Handout
Genomics on the Web Handout

... discoveries, and concepts, complete the quiz by selecting the “problem” tab at the bottom of the page. Expect to spend approximately 30 minutes to complete each chapter. ...
a higher level of chromatin structure.
a higher level of chromatin structure.

... The end of each chromosome is called a telomere and is distinguished by a set of repeated sequences. New repeats are added by a telomerase, a reverse transcriptase that synthesizes DNA from a DNA template. Telomeres are required for the complete replication of the chromosome because they protect the ...
Manolis Kellis
Manolis Kellis

... • Disease-associated SNPs enriched for enhancers in relevant cell types • E.g. lupus SNP in GM enhancer disrupts Ets1 predicted activator ...
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... EST sequences of the two stages in Dicty cDB. They were classified according to the expression stages (slug or vegetative) of the original ESTs, and 3,102 contigs were from the slug stage, 1,596 from the vegetative stage, and 1,085 from both. For functional prediction of each contig, we performed hom ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... interchangeable among chromosomes 110-120 bp in length. Telomeres Figure 10.31 contain special repeated DNA sequences that enable the ends of the chromosomes to be replicated, inhibit their degradation by DNA degrading enzymes, and prevent fusion with other chromosomes. In vertebrates, the TTAGGG re ...
SBI-4U1 Exam Review
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DNA
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tryptophan operon - Biology Notes Help
tryptophan operon - Biology Notes Help

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Analysis of Gene Sequences
Analysis of Gene Sequences

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Genome projects and model organisms
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SBI-4U1 Exam Review
SBI-4U1 Exam Review

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CHNOPS Lab
CHNOPS Lab

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Mutations
Mutations

... Variant allele found in more than 1% in population = polymorphism; this definition is independent of functional or pathogenetic relevance of alteration – most of common variants (polymorphisms) are without effect on human health, but some can modify the risk of common diseases (as tumors…) ...
CHNOPS Lab
CHNOPS Lab

... place. The code, in DNA or mRNA, specifies the order in which the amino acids are joined together to form a polypeptide. As the code carried by mRNA is “read” on a ribosome, the amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain (protein) . The process by which the information from DNA is transf ...
Test-Questions to Lab Exam 1 on the Autumn Semester of 2015
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Hybridization biases of microarray expression data
Hybridization biases of microarray expression data

... affecting the accuracy of data produced using these technologies. The aim of this thesis is to study the origins, effects and potential correction methods for selected methodical biases in microarray data. The two-species Langmuir model serves as the basal physicochemical model of microarray hybridi ...
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... Reading  frames:   • Open  reading  frames  à  segments  that  don’t  have  a  stop  codon  for  at  least   50  codons.   • Every  mRNA  has  three  possible  reading  frames,  because  after  three   nucleotides  the  codons  are  t ...
DNA - KSUMSC
DNA - KSUMSC

... this mRNA translate To create protein The codons on mRNA  only for one amino acid ...
Unit 8.3: Biotechnology
Unit 8.3: Biotechnology

... The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) makes many copies of a gene or other DNA segment. This might be done in order to make large quantities of a gene for genetic testing. PCR involves three steps: denaturing, annealing, and extension. The three steps are illustrated in Figure below. They are repeated ...
Jan06_Alpha_Project_Retreat
Jan06_Alpha_Project_Retreat

... Custom (simpler) transcriptional control – Get rid of cell-cycle regulation – Get rid of feedback loops – Express genes from custom constitutive or inducible/repressible promoters Simpler response – Remove genes known to be involved in, but not essential to, mating Easier to manipulate – Put all gen ...
amino acid
amino acid

... information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. b) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – rRNA makes up ribosomes. Ribosomes are the organelle responsible for assembling amino acids into proteins. c) Transfer RNA (tRNA) – transports specific amino acids to the ribosome for a ...
Introduction to Vectors
Introduction to Vectors

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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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