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Molecular Biology
Molecular Biology

... transcribed from DNA to code for proteins production and mRNA is generally long. MicroRNA – miRNA – has only about 20 to 25 nucleotides and it is not transcribed into protein; its function is regulatory. The miRNA folds back on itself like a hairpin. The RNA interference system detects these and des ...
VCE BIOLOGY 2013–2016 Introduction
VCE BIOLOGY 2013–2016 Introduction

... transcribed from DNA to code for proteins production and mRNA is generally long. MicroRNA – miRNA – has only about 20 to 25 nucleotides and it is not transcribed into protein; its function is regulatory. The miRNA folds back on itself like a hairpin. The RNA interference system detects these and des ...
Molecular Diagnosis I: Methods in Molecular Medicine 张咸宁
Molecular Diagnosis I: Methods in Molecular Medicine 张咸宁

... can be simultaneously analyzed using DNA microarrays • The level at which a gene is expressed,as indicated by mRNA quantities,can vary widely,ranging from no expression to hundreds of mRNA copies per cell.Geneexpression patterns vary from cell type to cell type. • Even within the same cell, gene-exp ...
in Power-Point Format
in Power-Point Format

... Student learning outcomes: • Explain that the core RNA polymerase (RNAP) consists of multiple subunits • Explain that sigma specificity factor chooses promoter • Explain the basic features of promoter sequences • Explain the nature of terminators: intrinsic (rho-independent) and rho-dependent • Appr ...
Genome Sequence Acquisition
Genome Sequence Acquisition

... Sequencers needed some reference sequences to know what part of a genome they were dealing with. STSs - sequence tagged sites These are defined by a pair of PCR primers that amplify only one segment of a genome (ie. unique sequence). ESTs- expressed sequence tags These are short sequences of cDNA th ...
TOPIC 4.4 Genetic Engineering Worksheet
TOPIC 4.4 Genetic Engineering Worksheet

... This link is to the Wellcome Institute Sanger Centre’s Genome website:http://www.yourgenome.org This link is to the US Government National Human Genome Website: http://www.genome.gov 1. What is the the Human Genome project? When did it begin, and when was the ‘first draft’ published? ...
Gene Section chromosome 18-like 1) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Gene Section chromosome 18-like 1) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... Smailus DE, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Marra MA. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16899-903 ...
Scientific Writing
Scientific Writing

... not infected by a retrovirus. These cellular homologs are often genes involved in growth control and development/differentiation (as might be expected) and have important non-transforming functions in the cell. Some can cause cancer under certain circumstances and, presumably, those not shown to cau ...
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Characteristics of Living Things (Essay
Characteristics of Living Things (Essay

... Part b. Please identify & briefly explain at least six unifying characteristics of all living organisms on our planet. All of out planet’s organisms can either be categorized as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Please explain four ways that prokaryotic & eukaryotic organisms differ structurally, and in wa ...
chapter 17 - faculty at Chemeketa
chapter 17 - faculty at Chemeketa

... biological molecules, and not just single crystals. Franklin made marked advances in x-ray diffraction techniques with DNA. She adjusted her equipment to produce an extremely fine beam of x-rays. She extracted finer DNA fibers than ever before and arranged them in parallel bundles. And she studied t ...
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... C. No, it is too big to fit inside of E. coli. Supercoiling is needed to make the loops more compact. C7. DNA is a double helix. The helix is a coiled structure. Supercoiling involves additional coiling to a structure that is already a coil. Positive supercoiling is called overwinding because it add ...
C1. Self-assembly occurs spontaneously, without the aid of other
C1. Self-assembly occurs spontaneously, without the aid of other

... C. No, it is too big to fit inside of E. coli. Supercoiling is needed to make the loops more compact. C7. DNA is a double helix. The helix is a coiled structure. Supercoiling involves additional coiling to a structure that is already a coil. Positive supercoiling is called overwinding because it add ...
Pattern Recognition in Biological Sequences
Pattern Recognition in Biological Sequences

...  Enhancers – regulates gene expression, ...
PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED PAUSING IN PROMOTER
PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED PAUSING IN PROMOTER

... protein density on specific DNA sequence in vivo, we were surprised to find a high density of Pol II on the 5' end of the uninduced Drosophila Hsp70 gene, because it had been assumed that all transcription was regulated at the level of Pol II recruitment or "initiation". We had expected that a low l ...
RNA_and_Protein_Synthesis
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... – Messenger RNA = Carry copies of the “instructions” or “messages” to assemble amino acids into proteins ...
1. Why do I need to use a Non-targeting control shRNA with my
1. Why do I need to use a Non-targeting control shRNA with my

... protocol can also be used for cloning shRNA into the TMP, LMP, pSMP and pTRIPZ vectors as the cloning sites (XhoI, EcoRI) are the same: Paddison, P et al (2004) 'Cloning of short hairpin RNAs for gene knockdown in mammalian cells' Nature Methods Vol 1:2, 163-167 Please note that the protocol in the ...
The beauty of science - University of California, Irvine
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... C. elegans Life Stages from George L. Sutphin and Matt Kaeberlein at ...
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Introduction to RNA Sequencing (L) - Bioinformatics Training Materials

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No Slide Title

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Lect_03_312014
Lect_03_312014

... through structural roles, motor functions or a combination of the two. Co-activators: steroid receptors (co-activator of gene transcription) translocate to the nucleus upon ligand binding also interact with actin, actin binding proteins and myosins. Transcription factors?: Heavy chain of MII and MXV ...
The nuclear envelope
The nuclear envelope

... They are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. The complexes between eukaryotic DNA& Proteins are called chromatin, which typically contains about twice as much as much protein as DNA. The major proteins are the histones, small proteins containing a high propor ...
Lecture 15: Translation and Transcription
Lecture 15: Translation and Transcription

... tRNA, rRNA, mRNA) b. Eukaryotes have three types: i. RNA polymerase II catalyzes mRNA synthesis Transcription unit a. A specific sequence of DNA that is transcribed into a single mRNA molecule b. Includes sequences with specific functions i. Region where transcription begins (initiation) ii. Region ...
Gene Section JUNB (jun B proto-oncogene) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Gene Section JUNB (jun B proto-oncogene) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... a negative regulator for JUN. In contrast, in the absence of JUN, JUNB may substitute JUN and activate AP-1 target genes required for development and cell proliferation. ...
Cell Biology Lecture Notes
Cell Biology Lecture Notes

... Allosteric effector Small molecule that cause a change in the conformation of an allosteric protein (or enzyme) by binding to a site other than the active site. Allosteric protein (allosteric enzyme) Regulatory protein that has two alternative conformations, each with a different biological property ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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