Unit 13 Organic Chem R
... 1) Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds which may be single, double or triple. This is due to the four unpaired valence electrons that carbon has in its ground state. These four bonds have a TETRAHEDRAL arrangement. 2) Most organic compounds are nonpolar or weakly polar. This means that most are held toget ...
... 1) Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds which may be single, double or triple. This is due to the four unpaired valence electrons that carbon has in its ground state. These four bonds have a TETRAHEDRAL arrangement. 2) Most organic compounds are nonpolar or weakly polar. This means that most are held toget ...
Unit 13 Organic Chem R
... 1) Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds which may be single, double or triple. This is due to the four unpaired valence electrons that carbon has in its ground state. These four bonds have a TETRAHEDRAL arrangement. 2) Most organic compounds are nonpolar or weakly polar. This means that most are held toget ...
... 1) Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds which may be single, double or triple. This is due to the four unpaired valence electrons that carbon has in its ground state. These four bonds have a TETRAHEDRAL arrangement. 2) Most organic compounds are nonpolar or weakly polar. This means that most are held toget ...
Document
... electron deficient and the other electron rich (X+—X–). • The electrophilic halogen atom is then attracted to the nucleophilic double bond, making addition possible. • Two facts demonstrate that halogenation follows a different mechanism from that of hydrohalogenation or hydration. ...
... electron deficient and the other electron rich (X+—X–). • The electrophilic halogen atom is then attracted to the nucleophilic double bond, making addition possible. • Two facts demonstrate that halogenation follows a different mechanism from that of hydrohalogenation or hydration. ...
Hydrogenation of lipid mixtures catalysed by palladium(II)
... Lipids are important constituents of cell membranes. Certain properties of the cell can be altered by the catalytic hydrogenation of the unsaturated lipids found in the cell membrane. These properties include for example heat shock tolerance and different transport processes that depend on the fluid ...
... Lipids are important constituents of cell membranes. Certain properties of the cell can be altered by the catalytic hydrogenation of the unsaturated lipids found in the cell membrane. These properties include for example heat shock tolerance and different transport processes that depend on the fluid ...
CHEM 202_ Part 2
... Carbonyl group is stabilized by adjacent alkyl groups (e-donor), so ketone is more stable than aldehyde. Steric effect also play a role in the relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones. ...
... Carbonyl group is stabilized by adjacent alkyl groups (e-donor), so ketone is more stable than aldehyde. Steric effect also play a role in the relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones. ...
Document
... • Since 1° carbocations are highly unstable, their dehydration cannot occur by an E1 mechanism involving a carbocation intermediate. Therefore, 1° alcohols undergo dehydration following an E2 mechanism. ...
... • Since 1° carbocations are highly unstable, their dehydration cannot occur by an E1 mechanism involving a carbocation intermediate. Therefore, 1° alcohols undergo dehydration following an E2 mechanism. ...
Level 3 Chemistry (91391) 2013
... (ii) Describe how you could distinguish between the alcohols in (i) above, using chemical tests on the alcohols and / or their oxidation products. ...
... (ii) Describe how you could distinguish between the alcohols in (i) above, using chemical tests on the alcohols and / or their oxidation products. ...
ANSWERS: Types of Reactions - Chemical Minds
... CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 → CH2Cl – CH2Cl Substitution occurs in alkanes (because they have single bonds). Ethane is an alkane, so will undergo substitution reactions. One hydrogen atom will be removed from the molecule and one chlorine atom will take its place. UV light is required for the process. CH3 – CH3 ...
... CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 → CH2Cl – CH2Cl Substitution occurs in alkanes (because they have single bonds). Ethane is an alkane, so will undergo substitution reactions. One hydrogen atom will be removed from the molecule and one chlorine atom will take its place. UV light is required for the process. CH3 – CH3 ...
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL
... (b) One example of a substitution reaction is the formation of an alcohol from a ...
... (b) One example of a substitution reaction is the formation of an alcohol from a ...
revised hydrocarbons alkenes cycloalkenes
... (i) With increasing carbon content (ii) With decrease of branching ...
... (i) With increasing carbon content (ii) With decrease of branching ...
Catalytic, Enantioselective Alkylations of N,O- and
... Received 19 January 1999; revised 12 February 1999; accepted 16 February 1999 Abstract: We report the first examples of catalytic, enantioselective alkylation of N,O-acetals to produce useful amino acid derivatives 5 in high yield (73-93%) and enantioselectivity (70-96%). We have extended the utilit ...
... Received 19 January 1999; revised 12 February 1999; accepted 16 February 1999 Abstract: We report the first examples of catalytic, enantioselective alkylation of N,O-acetals to produce useful amino acid derivatives 5 in high yield (73-93%) and enantioselectivity (70-96%). We have extended the utilit ...
Applications of trivalent and pentavalent tantalum in organic synthesis
... The oxides of these metals are vast', inert and insoluble except in concentrated HF. Accordingly the chemical applications especially in higher oxidation states are rather restricted. However, the penta halides especially chlorides are yellow to purple red solids and easily prepared by direct reacti ...
... The oxides of these metals are vast', inert and insoluble except in concentrated HF. Accordingly the chemical applications especially in higher oxidation states are rather restricted. However, the penta halides especially chlorides are yellow to purple red solids and easily prepared by direct reacti ...
Carboxylates/esters vs ketones/aldehydes
... The mechanism of the NaBH4 reduction in a protic solvent such as ethanol, methanol, and water is known to be quite complex since NaBH4 reacts with the solvent, e.g., NaBH4 + C2H5OH → NaBH3(OC2H5) + H2 Because of this, usually at least one mol. equivalents of NaBH4 are used for the reaction in a prot ...
... The mechanism of the NaBH4 reduction in a protic solvent such as ethanol, methanol, and water is known to be quite complex since NaBH4 reacts with the solvent, e.g., NaBH4 + C2H5OH → NaBH3(OC2H5) + H2 Because of this, usually at least one mol. equivalents of NaBH4 are used for the reaction in a prot ...
Ring-closing metathesis
Ring-closing metathesis, or RCM, is a widely used variation of olefin metathesis in organic chemistry for the synthesis of various unsaturated rings via the intramolecular metathesis of two terminal alkenes, which forms the cycloalkene as the E- or Z- isomers and volatile ethylene.The most commonly synthesized ring sizes are between 5-7 atoms; however, reported syntheses include 45- up to 90- membered macroheterocycles. These reactions are metal-catalyzed and proceed through a metallacyclobutane intermediate. It was first published by Dider Villemin in 1980 describing the synthesis of an Exaltolide precursor, and later become popularized by Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Yves Chauvin, in 2005 for their combined work in olefin metathesis. RCM is a favorite among organic chemists due to its synthetic utility in the formation of rings, which were previously difficult to access efficiently, and broad substrate scope. Since the only major by-product is ethylene, these reactions may also be considered atom economic, an increasingly important concern in the development of green chemistry.There are several reviews published on ring-closing metathesis.