Identification of Aldehydes and Ketones
... volumes of Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B solution in a 1:1 ratio immediately before use (usually 1 mL of each). Fehling’s A solution is an aqueous solution of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) with few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. Fehling’s B solution is an aqueous solution of potassium ...
... volumes of Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B solution in a 1:1 ratio immediately before use (usually 1 mL of each). Fehling’s A solution is an aqueous solution of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) with few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. Fehling’s B solution is an aqueous solution of potassium ...
Document
... So, the first stage can be viewed as both electrophilic substitution on the ring by the electron – deficient carbon of formaldehyde , and nucleophilic addition of the aromatic ring to the carbonyl group. ...
... So, the first stage can be viewed as both electrophilic substitution on the ring by the electron – deficient carbon of formaldehyde , and nucleophilic addition of the aromatic ring to the carbonyl group. ...
Chapter_Sixteen_lecture
... • The reduction of a carbonyl group occurs with the addition of hydrogen across the double bond to produce an –OH group, a reaction that is the reverse of the oxidation of an alcohol. • Aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohols, and ketones are reduced to secondary alcohols. ...
... • The reduction of a carbonyl group occurs with the addition of hydrogen across the double bond to produce an –OH group, a reaction that is the reverse of the oxidation of an alcohol. • Aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohols, and ketones are reduced to secondary alcohols. ...
7. Organic halides
... in reactivity from the larger cycloalkanes and acyclic alkanes. Cyclopropane exhibits easy ring opening (see p. 20) instead of substitution characteristic of alkanes. The reactivity of small rings results from their abnormal bond angle (Baeyer strain theory). In cyclopropane the internal bond angle ...
... in reactivity from the larger cycloalkanes and acyclic alkanes. Cyclopropane exhibits easy ring opening (see p. 20) instead of substitution characteristic of alkanes. The reactivity of small rings results from their abnormal bond angle (Baeyer strain theory). In cyclopropane the internal bond angle ...
Aromatic Compounds
... Rings: The Friedel-Crafts Reaction Alkylation • The introduction of an alkyl group onto the benzene ring • Called the Friedel-Crafts reaction after its discoverers • Among the most useful electrophilic aromatic substitution ...
... Rings: The Friedel-Crafts Reaction Alkylation • The introduction of an alkyl group onto the benzene ring • Called the Friedel-Crafts reaction after its discoverers • Among the most useful electrophilic aromatic substitution ...
C - Deans Community High School
... pentan-1-ol on losing a molecule of water will form pentene. Two structures are possible. ...
... pentan-1-ol on losing a molecule of water will form pentene. Two structures are possible. ...
Reactions of Alkenes
... The protonation occurs at the least highly substituted end so that the cation produced is at the most highly substituted end (and therefore more stable). Markovnikov’s Rule: The addition of a proton acid to the double bond of an alkene results in a product with the acid hydrogen bound to the carbon ...
... The protonation occurs at the least highly substituted end so that the cation produced is at the most highly substituted end (and therefore more stable). Markovnikov’s Rule: The addition of a proton acid to the double bond of an alkene results in a product with the acid hydrogen bound to the carbon ...
Alcohols phenols ethers
... The substitution of a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon by an alkoxy or aryloxy group (R–O/Ar–O) yields another class of compounds known as ‘ethers’, for example, CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether). ethers as compounds formed by substituting the hydrogen atom of hydroxyl group of an alcohol or phenol by an alkyl ...
... The substitution of a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon by an alkoxy or aryloxy group (R–O/Ar–O) yields another class of compounds known as ‘ethers’, for example, CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether). ethers as compounds formed by substituting the hydrogen atom of hydroxyl group of an alcohol or phenol by an alkyl ...
Chapter 1
... • Fatty acids which can’t be synthesized by the body are essential fatty acids – Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid required to make arachadonic acid ...
... • Fatty acids which can’t be synthesized by the body are essential fatty acids – Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid required to make arachadonic acid ...
Review of Organic Chem II
... 3. The types of intermediates involved (cation, anion, or radical) should be consistent with the reaction classification above a. If the reaction is cationic, don’t show anionic intermediates b. If the reaction is anionic, don’t show cationic intermediates 4. Usually conditions are ionic. 5. Use a r ...
... 3. The types of intermediates involved (cation, anion, or radical) should be consistent with the reaction classification above a. If the reaction is cationic, don’t show anionic intermediates b. If the reaction is anionic, don’t show cationic intermediates 4. Usually conditions are ionic. 5. Use a r ...
synthetic approaches for quinoline and isoquinoline
... Quinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It has the formula C9H7N and is a colourless hygroscopic liquid with a strong odour.Aged samples,if exposed to light, become yellow and later brown. Quinoline is only slightly soluble in cold water but dissolves ...
... Quinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It has the formula C9H7N and is a colourless hygroscopic liquid with a strong odour.Aged samples,if exposed to light, become yellow and later brown. Quinoline is only slightly soluble in cold water but dissolves ...
Ligand Exchange Chromatography
... discriminated by the action of a chiral selector only. The latter has to be involved in interaction with the enantiomers, resulting in the formation of adducts which, being diastereomeric species, may differ in their stability. These adducts in LEC are ternary complexes composed of the molecule of t ...
... discriminated by the action of a chiral selector only. The latter has to be involved in interaction with the enantiomers, resulting in the formation of adducts which, being diastereomeric species, may differ in their stability. These adducts in LEC are ternary complexes composed of the molecule of t ...
Word - icho39.chem.msu.ru
... P is the total pressure in the system. Taking into account (5), equation (4) can be written in a form: ...
... P is the total pressure in the system. Taking into account (5), equation (4) can be written in a form: ...
Caboxylic acid Derivatives
... Acid Catalyzed Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution In the previous examples, a nucleophile attacked the carbonyl group to generate a tetrahedral intermediate. However some nucleophiles are too weak to directly attack the carbonyl group (especially in the less reactive acid derivatives). E.g. an alcohol ...
... Acid Catalyzed Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution In the previous examples, a nucleophile attacked the carbonyl group to generate a tetrahedral intermediate. However some nucleophiles are too weak to directly attack the carbonyl group (especially in the less reactive acid derivatives). E.g. an alcohol ...
Catalytic asymmetric carbonyl addition reactions catalysed by group
... Asymmetric reductive coupling of alkynes and aldehydes 10-12 Nickel-catalysed intermolecular reductive coupling (exclusive cis-addition) of aryl-C≡C-alkyl alkynes with aldehydes can be accomplished in the presence of a catalytic amount of the commercially available (+)-(neomenthyl)-diphenylphosphine ...
... Asymmetric reductive coupling of alkynes and aldehydes 10-12 Nickel-catalysed intermolecular reductive coupling (exclusive cis-addition) of aryl-C≡C-alkyl alkynes with aldehydes can be accomplished in the presence of a catalytic amount of the commercially available (+)-(neomenthyl)-diphenylphosphine ...
Petasis reaction
The Petasis reaction (alternatively called the Petasis borono–Mannich (PBM) reaction) is the chemical reaction of an amine, aldehyde, and vinyl- or aryl-boronic acid to form substituted amines.Reported in 1993 by Nicos Petasis as a practical method towards the synthesis of a geometrically pure antifungal agent, naftifine, the Petasis reaction can be described as a variation of the Mannich reaction. Rather than generating an enolate to form the substituted amine product, in the Petasis reaction, the vinyl group of the organoboronic acid serves as the nucleophile. In comparison to other methods of generating allyl amines, the Petasis reaction tolerates a multifunctional scaffold, with a variety of amines and organoboronic acids as potential starting materials. Additionally, the reaction does not require anhydrous or inert conditions. As a mild, selective synthesis, the Petasis reaction is useful in generating α-amino acids, and is utilized in combinatorial chemistry and drug discovery.