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A-level Chemistry Question Paper Unit 02 - Chemistry in
... how the activation energy for the decomposition of dinitrogen oxide differs with different catalysts. 2N2O(g) ...
... how the activation energy for the decomposition of dinitrogen oxide differs with different catalysts. 2N2O(g) ...
A GRIGNARD REACTION: SYNTHESIS OF 2-METHYL-2
... be tested and swirl vigorously for about 2 minutes. The reagent oxidizes aldehydes and 1° and 2° alcohols. It may slowly oxidize alkenes. It cannot oxidize 3° alcohols, but under acidic conditions these may slowly form alkenes which can then be slowly oxidized. A positive test is a rapid change in c ...
... be tested and swirl vigorously for about 2 minutes. The reagent oxidizes aldehydes and 1° and 2° alcohols. It may slowly oxidize alkenes. It cannot oxidize 3° alcohols, but under acidic conditions these may slowly form alkenes which can then be slowly oxidized. A positive test is a rapid change in c ...
Chapter 1
... • These changes are easily detected in inorganic systems with formation of charged ions • In organic systems it is often difficult to determine whether oxidation or reduction has taken place as there might be no change in charge ...
... • These changes are easily detected in inorganic systems with formation of charged ions • In organic systems it is often difficult to determine whether oxidation or reduction has taken place as there might be no change in charge ...
SULFONATION OF BY SO3
... advantages. It is more direct and considerably faster than the present process. It requires fewer man hours and, therefore, is more economical. Conditions can be varied to give a wide range of products having different solubility characteristics and combined SO3 content. Since the reaction, batch or ...
... advantages. It is more direct and considerably faster than the present process. It requires fewer man hours and, therefore, is more economical. Conditions can be varied to give a wide range of products having different solubility characteristics and combined SO3 content. Since the reaction, batch or ...
Chapter-1 ALCOHOLS
... carbonyl compounds. The choice of carbonyl type (ketone, aldehyde, ester, etc) and the type of reaction (Grignard addition or Reduction), will determine the product(s) you will get. There are primarily two types of reactions used to create alcohols from carbonyls: Grignard Addition reactions and Red ...
... carbonyl compounds. The choice of carbonyl type (ketone, aldehyde, ester, etc) and the type of reaction (Grignard addition or Reduction), will determine the product(s) you will get. There are primarily two types of reactions used to create alcohols from carbonyls: Grignard Addition reactions and Red ...
TOPIC 6. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTIONS (chapter 6 and parts of
... Substitution reactions can be performed under different conditions which give rise to dramatically different outcomes. Nucleophilic substitution reactions can be classified as one of two types, based on these experimental observations. In order to develop predictive tools, we need to understand reas ...
... Substitution reactions can be performed under different conditions which give rise to dramatically different outcomes. Nucleophilic substitution reactions can be classified as one of two types, based on these experimental observations. In order to develop predictive tools, we need to understand reas ...
Document
... H. Often, a CO bond or CC bond is reduced to a single bond by reduction. A reduction that transforms double CC or CO bonds to single bonds may also be classified as an addition reaction. Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids can be reduced to become alcohols. Alkenes and alkynes can be reduce ...
... H. Often, a CO bond or CC bond is reduced to a single bond by reduction. A reduction that transforms double CC or CO bonds to single bonds may also be classified as an addition reaction. Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids can be reduced to become alcohols. Alkenes and alkynes can be reduce ...
alcohols
... Alcohols, because of the more electronegative hydroxyl group are soluble in water for up to 3 carbons. Solubility decreases rapidly after propanol as each carbon is added. ...
... Alcohols, because of the more electronegative hydroxyl group are soluble in water for up to 3 carbons. Solubility decreases rapidly after propanol as each carbon is added. ...
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
... Water hydrates the carbonyl group. The addition of water to an aldehyde or ketone is catalyzed by either acid or base. The equilibrium reaction forms geminal diols, also called carbonyl hydrates: ...
... Water hydrates the carbonyl group. The addition of water to an aldehyde or ketone is catalyzed by either acid or base. The equilibrium reaction forms geminal diols, also called carbonyl hydrates: ...
Alcohols General formula R-OH hydroxyl group Nomenclature
... Note that all of the reactions are reversible. Therefore the alkene has to be removed from the solution as rapidly as it is formed. The slow rate-determining step is the formation of the carbocation. Tertiary alcohols react more rapidly than secondary which react more rapidly than primary. e.g. CH3 ...
... Note that all of the reactions are reversible. Therefore the alkene has to be removed from the solution as rapidly as it is formed. The slow rate-determining step is the formation of the carbocation. Tertiary alcohols react more rapidly than secondary which react more rapidly than primary. e.g. CH3 ...
Results
... of the medium is an important factor (the water in the medium does not participate in the reaction but has a catalytic role by promoting water excision from the protonated alcohol). Naturally, the solvation of the species is also important. Structures correspondig to TSs are solvated less well than ...
... of the medium is an important factor (the water in the medium does not participate in the reaction but has a catalytic role by promoting water excision from the protonated alcohol). Naturally, the solvation of the species is also important. Structures correspondig to TSs are solvated less well than ...
PPT file
... The C=N bond is of similar strength to the C=C bond, so the reactions on the previous pages are fairly easily reversed by adding aqueous acid. (see assignment question) The C=N bond is different from the C=C bond in one important way, though. It is polar, so the carbon atom is still electrophilic. T ...
... The C=N bond is of similar strength to the C=C bond, so the reactions on the previous pages are fairly easily reversed by adding aqueous acid. (see assignment question) The C=N bond is different from the C=C bond in one important way, though. It is polar, so the carbon atom is still electrophilic. T ...
28 Coulomb`s Law: the equation Energyof electrostatic interaction
... Looking at the graph you see that the slope is somewhat over 2; part of the reason is that the test reaction is being run in 85% ethanol, while the reference reaction, ionization of benzoic acids, was measured in pure water. Coulombs law tells us that electrostatic interactions are larger in less po ...
... Looking at the graph you see that the slope is somewhat over 2; part of the reason is that the test reaction is being run in 85% ethanol, while the reference reaction, ionization of benzoic acids, was measured in pure water. Coulombs law tells us that electrostatic interactions are larger in less po ...
functional group
... Nomenclature assembles names like trees: start with a parent structure (e.g., an alkane), then add prefixes and a functional group (FG) suffix. ...
... Nomenclature assembles names like trees: start with a parent structure (e.g., an alkane), then add prefixes and a functional group (FG) suffix. ...
Phenol Knockhardy
... This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purp ...
... This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purp ...
No Slide Title
... This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purp ...
... This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purp ...
Document
... Some diamines have very derivative names indicating where they are found e.g putrescine [H2N(CH2)4NH2] and cadaverine [H2N(CH2)5NH2]! ...
... Some diamines have very derivative names indicating where they are found e.g putrescine [H2N(CH2)4NH2] and cadaverine [H2N(CH2)5NH2]! ...
Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones
... –OH and an –OR bound to the same carbon. NOTE: An oxygen in a ring structure is considered part of an –OR group. ...
... –OH and an –OR bound to the same carbon. NOTE: An oxygen in a ring structure is considered part of an –OR group. ...
© John Congleton, Orange Coast College Organic Chemistry 220
... Be able to predict whether a reaction will proceed via o SN1 and E1 o S N2 o SN2 and E2 o E2 What makes a good nucleophile? What makes a good base? What makes a good leaving group? What is meant by high and low polarizability? Allylic bromination Understand, be able to predict, and be able to comple ...
... Be able to predict whether a reaction will proceed via o SN1 and E1 o S N2 o SN2 and E2 o E2 What makes a good nucleophile? What makes a good base? What makes a good leaving group? What is meant by high and low polarizability? Allylic bromination Understand, be able to predict, and be able to comple ...
ppt
... 22.7: Preparation of Amines by Alkylation of Ammonia Ammonia and other alkylamines are good nucleophiles and react with 1° and 2° alkyl halides or tosylates via an SN2 reaction yielding alkyl amines. ...
... 22.7: Preparation of Amines by Alkylation of Ammonia Ammonia and other alkylamines are good nucleophiles and react with 1° and 2° alkyl halides or tosylates via an SN2 reaction yielding alkyl amines. ...
104 Chapter 22: Amines. Organic derivatives of ammonia, NH3
... 22.7: Preparation of Amines by Alkylation of Ammonia Ammonia and other alkylamines are good nucleophiles and react with 1° and 2° alkyl halides or tosylates via an SN2 reaction yielding alkyl amines. ...
... 22.7: Preparation of Amines by Alkylation of Ammonia Ammonia and other alkylamines are good nucleophiles and react with 1° and 2° alkyl halides or tosylates via an SN2 reaction yielding alkyl amines. ...
alcohols - A-Level Chemistry
... Give the names and structures of all eight alcohols with the formula C5H12O. State in each case whether they are primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols. Identify the three isomers which can give two different alkenes when dehydrated and identify the possible alkene products in each case. Identify t ...
... Give the names and structures of all eight alcohols with the formula C5H12O. State in each case whether they are primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols. Identify the three isomers which can give two different alkenes when dehydrated and identify the possible alkene products in each case. Identify t ...
Document
... Primary bromoalkanes and iodoalkanes can be prepared by the reaction with HBr and HI. Chloroalkanes cannot be prepared by this method because Cl- is too poor a nucleophile. ...
... Primary bromoalkanes and iodoalkanes can be prepared by the reaction with HBr and HI. Chloroalkanes cannot be prepared by this method because Cl- is too poor a nucleophile. ...
Barton Deoxygenation
... The trans alkene is formed because the vinyl carbanion intermediate that is formed is more stable when the larger R groups are further away from each other to avoid steric interactions. Protonation of this anion leads to the more stable trans adduct. Sodium metal has an extremely low ionization ener ...
... The trans alkene is formed because the vinyl carbanion intermediate that is formed is more stable when the larger R groups are further away from each other to avoid steric interactions. Protonation of this anion leads to the more stable trans adduct. Sodium metal has an extremely low ionization ener ...
Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tiffeneau-Demjanov_Rearrangement_Scheme.png?width=300)
The Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement (TDR) is the chemical reaction of a 1-aminomethyl-cycloalkanol with nitrous acid to form an enlarged cycloketone.The Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion, Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement, or TDR, provides an easy way to increase amino-substituted cycloalkanes and cycloalkanols in size by one carbon. Ring sizes from cyclopropane through cyclooctane are able to undergo Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion with some degree of success. Yields decrease as initial ring size increases, and the ideal use of TDR is for synthesis of five, six, and seven membered rings. A principal synthetic application of Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion is to bicyclic or polycyclic systems. Several reviews on this reaction have been published.