Addition Reactions of Carbonyls Part 1
... Because electrophilic addition to a carbonyl group is reactantfavoured, whenever we see a gem-diol (two –OH groups on one carbon) or a carbon atom with a –OH group and a halogen attached, we expect it to collapse to a carbonyl group: H O C ...
... Because electrophilic addition to a carbonyl group is reactantfavoured, whenever we see a gem-diol (two –OH groups on one carbon) or a carbon atom with a –OH group and a halogen attached, we expect it to collapse to a carbonyl group: H O C ...
Reactions of Alkenes
... When the catalyst is in a different physical state to the other reactants it is called Heterogeneous catalysis (E.g. a solid catalyst with a liquid and a gas). In contrast a liquid catalyst in a reaction solution is an example of homogeneous catalysis (acid catalyzed alcohol ...
... When the catalyst is in a different physical state to the other reactants it is called Heterogeneous catalysis (E.g. a solid catalyst with a liquid and a gas). In contrast a liquid catalyst in a reaction solution is an example of homogeneous catalysis (acid catalyzed alcohol ...
Titania-catalysed oxidative dehydrogenation of ethyl lactate
... pyruvic acid. Practically, however, the main problem with this approach is there is no efficient catalyst for it. ...
... pyruvic acid. Practically, however, the main problem with this approach is there is no efficient catalyst for it. ...
fference: mechanistic How phenyl makes a di insights into the ruthenium( )-catalysed
... that the choice of counterion (K or Na) makes no difference to the reaction, while milder bases such as KOH can still allow for complete conversion. Much weaker bases, such as K2CO3, are not suitable for this transformation. These results suggest that there is a pKa threshold, below which the base is ...
... that the choice of counterion (K or Na) makes no difference to the reaction, while milder bases such as KOH can still allow for complete conversion. Much weaker bases, such as K2CO3, are not suitable for this transformation. These results suggest that there is a pKa threshold, below which the base is ...
amine cured-epoxy matrices
... utilized as curing agents in epoxy matrices for high performance composites. This produces a heteropolymer consisting of epoxy molecules linked together through the reactive sites of the curing agent. Usually when it is stated that an epoxy matrix is amine cured, it is meant that the curing agent(s) ...
... utilized as curing agents in epoxy matrices for high performance composites. This produces a heteropolymer consisting of epoxy molecules linked together through the reactive sites of the curing agent. Usually when it is stated that an epoxy matrix is amine cured, it is meant that the curing agent(s) ...
examination paper - University of Calgary
... appropriate space, A, B, C, D or E on the answer sheet. Use a pencil only and not ink. In some cases it is required that you indicate multiple items for a complete and/or correct answer by blackening out more than one space. In some other cases more than five options are available and some of these ...
... appropriate space, A, B, C, D or E on the answer sheet. Use a pencil only and not ink. In some cases it is required that you indicate multiple items for a complete and/or correct answer by blackening out more than one space. In some other cases more than five options are available and some of these ...
19.2 preparation of acyl chlorides
... Amides are less reactive than esters, and their hydrolysis often requires vigorous heating in either aqueous acid or base. The mechanism for acidic conditions is quite similar to the reverse of the Fischer esterification mechanism shown in Figure 19.3. The mechanism for basic conditions is related t ...
... Amides are less reactive than esters, and their hydrolysis often requires vigorous heating in either aqueous acid or base. The mechanism for acidic conditions is quite similar to the reverse of the Fischer esterification mechanism shown in Figure 19.3. The mechanism for basic conditions is related t ...
ALKENES INTRODUCING
... reaction and you end up with a mixture of products Reaction rates Variation of rates when you change the halogen Reaction rates increase in the order HF - HCl - HBr - HI. Hydrogen fluoride reacts much more slowly than the other three, and is normally ignored in talking about these reactions. When th ...
... reaction and you end up with a mixture of products Reaction rates Variation of rates when you change the halogen Reaction rates increase in the order HF - HCl - HBr - HI. Hydrogen fluoride reacts much more slowly than the other three, and is normally ignored in talking about these reactions. When th ...
Synthesis of Four Diastereomeric 3,5-Dialkoxy-2,4
... treatment of the dimesylate 24 with 2.4 equiv of methylmagnesium bromide in THF at 0 °C for 10 min afforded the desired diol 25 in 92% yield.11 ...
... treatment of the dimesylate 24 with 2.4 equiv of methylmagnesium bromide in THF at 0 °C for 10 min afforded the desired diol 25 in 92% yield.11 ...
INTRODUCTION - Open Access Repository of Indian Theses
... 3. A Mild and Highly Efficient Synthesis of 3-Pyrrolyl-Indolinones and Pyrrolyl-Indeno[1,2-b]Quinoxalines using BiCl3 as a Catalyst An efficient synthesis of 3-pyrrolyl-indolinones and pyrrolyl-indeno[1,2-b] quinoxalines is described by the reaction of 4-hydroxyproline with isatin or indeno[1,2b]qui ...
... 3. A Mild and Highly Efficient Synthesis of 3-Pyrrolyl-Indolinones and Pyrrolyl-Indeno[1,2-b]Quinoxalines using BiCl3 as a Catalyst An efficient synthesis of 3-pyrrolyl-indolinones and pyrrolyl-indeno[1,2-b] quinoxalines is described by the reaction of 4-hydroxyproline with isatin or indeno[1,2b]qui ...
Chapter 19. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition
... Enantioselective Synthesis • When a chiral product is formed achiral reagents, we get both enantiomers in equal amounts - the transition states are mirror images and are equal in energy • However, if the reaction is subject to catalysis, a chiral catalyst can create a lower energy pathway for one e ...
... Enantioselective Synthesis • When a chiral product is formed achiral reagents, we get both enantiomers in equal amounts - the transition states are mirror images and are equal in energy • However, if the reaction is subject to catalysis, a chiral catalyst can create a lower energy pathway for one e ...
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
... configuration of carbon atom under attack inverts in much the same way as an umbrella is turned inside out when caught in a strong wind, while the leaving group is pushed away. This process is called as inversion of configuration. In the transition state, the carbon atom is simultaneously bonded to ...
... configuration of carbon atom under attack inverts in much the same way as an umbrella is turned inside out when caught in a strong wind, while the leaving group is pushed away. This process is called as inversion of configuration. In the transition state, the carbon atom is simultaneously bonded to ...
Reaction of orthoesters with alcohols in the presence of acidic
... also. As O-acetylation with orthoester is not hitherto a known reaction, we were curious to explore this to find out whether such a transformation could be useful as a synthetic methodology and the results are summarized in Table I. Thus the reaction of alcohols and orthoester with various acid cata ...
... also. As O-acetylation with orthoester is not hitherto a known reaction, we were curious to explore this to find out whether such a transformation could be useful as a synthetic methodology and the results are summarized in Table I. Thus the reaction of alcohols and orthoester with various acid cata ...
Amines
... - the presence of alkyl groups (electron-donating group) such as (CH3) and (CH3CH2-) will make the amine become more basic. - for example, methylamine is more basic than ammonia. ii) substitution by electron-withdrawing groups - the presence of electron-withdrawing groups or atom will decrease the b ...
... - the presence of alkyl groups (electron-donating group) such as (CH3) and (CH3CH2-) will make the amine become more basic. - for example, methylamine is more basic than ammonia. ii) substitution by electron-withdrawing groups - the presence of electron-withdrawing groups or atom will decrease the b ...
- University at Albany
... Factors influencing what products are formed Substrate/steric effects Strength of nucleophile vs. basicity of ...
... Factors influencing what products are formed Substrate/steric effects Strength of nucleophile vs. basicity of ...
Organic Compounds containing Oxygen
... The formation of ether takes places by S N 2 mechanism mainly, with one molecule acting as the nucleophile and with another protonated molecules of the alcohol acting as the substrate. Finally this method is not useful for the preparation of ether with 30 alcohol because they form alkene too easily. ...
... The formation of ether takes places by S N 2 mechanism mainly, with one molecule acting as the nucleophile and with another protonated molecules of the alcohol acting as the substrate. Finally this method is not useful for the preparation of ether with 30 alcohol because they form alkene too easily. ...
Organic Synthesis - National Open University of Nigeria
... Better yields are obtained with organic peroxy-acids such as perbenzoic acid, peracetic acid and trifluoroperacetic acid; although in practice nowadays most reactions are effected with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. This is more stable than the other acids, which usually have to be prepared immediately be ...
... Better yields are obtained with organic peroxy-acids such as perbenzoic acid, peracetic acid and trifluoroperacetic acid; although in practice nowadays most reactions are effected with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. This is more stable than the other acids, which usually have to be prepared immediately be ...
Microsoft Word - Ethesis@nitr
... (7-8 hrs) with lower yield. And it requires organic toxic solvent as a reaction medium. But we have developed an efficient method of synthesis pyrazole type of compound by solvent free reaction of 1,3-diketone with phenyl hydrazine under microwave irradiation in short time (8-10 min). Thus the react ...
... (7-8 hrs) with lower yield. And it requires organic toxic solvent as a reaction medium. But we have developed an efficient method of synthesis pyrazole type of compound by solvent free reaction of 1,3-diketone with phenyl hydrazine under microwave irradiation in short time (8-10 min). Thus the react ...
- Iranian Chemical Communication
... trihalides [11] and CsF–Celite have also been utilized to achieve the acylated products of alcohols, phenols and thiols[12-13]. However, most of these protocols have some limitations such as: use of very strong basic catalyst, low yields, high temperature and longer reaction time [5,8,13,14]. But, i ...
... trihalides [11] and CsF–Celite have also been utilized to achieve the acylated products of alcohols, phenols and thiols[12-13]. However, most of these protocols have some limitations such as: use of very strong basic catalyst, low yields, high temperature and longer reaction time [5,8,13,14]. But, i ...
A Straightforward Route to Enantiopure Pyrrolizidines and
... Since in a similar case [24] even treatment with excess trifluoroperacetic acid (CH2Cl2, reflux) and other reagents [27] was unsuccessful, we tested potassium permanganate as a strong oxidant. In a first experiment, sulfinate 16 was reacted with two mole equivalents of KMnO4 in a pyridinewater mixtu ...
... Since in a similar case [24] even treatment with excess trifluoroperacetic acid (CH2Cl2, reflux) and other reagents [27] was unsuccessful, we tested potassium permanganate as a strong oxidant. In a first experiment, sulfinate 16 was reacted with two mole equivalents of KMnO4 in a pyridinewater mixtu ...
Manganese-Catalyzed Epoxidations of Alkenes in
... as phase transfer agents.52-61 Typically, these are formed in situ, but catalytically active complexes such as (R4N)3{PO4(W(O)(O2)2)4} have been isolated and even characterized crystallographically. 62 Noyori showed that terminal aliphatic alkenes could be epoxidized by this system at 90 °C without ...
... as phase transfer agents.52-61 Typically, these are formed in situ, but catalytically active complexes such as (R4N)3{PO4(W(O)(O2)2)4} have been isolated and even characterized crystallographically. 62 Noyori showed that terminal aliphatic alkenes could be epoxidized by this system at 90 °C without ...
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([Cu(NH3)4](MnO4)2)
... Concentration of the aqueous solution of 1 to half of its initial volume by evaporation leads to the formation of NH4MnO4 (2) due to a quasi-intramolecular acidbase reaction of 1 (both Cu2 and OH ions originate from the dissociation of the tetramminecopper-complex cation) [6] (Eqn. 1). An increase ...
... Concentration of the aqueous solution of 1 to half of its initial volume by evaporation leads to the formation of NH4MnO4 (2) due to a quasi-intramolecular acidbase reaction of 1 (both Cu2 and OH ions originate from the dissociation of the tetramminecopper-complex cation) [6] (Eqn. 1). An increase ...
10. Alkyl Halides
... If the concentration of alkyl halide is doubled, halfed or quadrupled the reaction rate will double, half or quadruple. If, on the other hand, the concentration of nucleophile is changed the reaction rate will be unaffected If the rate of this reaction does not depend upon the concentration of t ...
... If the concentration of alkyl halide is doubled, halfed or quadrupled the reaction rate will double, half or quadruple. If, on the other hand, the concentration of nucleophile is changed the reaction rate will be unaffected If the rate of this reaction does not depend upon the concentration of t ...
Revised organic compounds containing Nitrogen
... compound and, hence, the more nucleophilic nitrogen through its lone pair of electrons attacks and as a result, nitro compounds are formed as major products. This method is only useful for the preparation of primary nitroalkanes. With the secondary halides the yield is very low, and with tertiary ha ...
... compound and, hence, the more nucleophilic nitrogen through its lone pair of electrons attacks and as a result, nitro compounds are formed as major products. This method is only useful for the preparation of primary nitroalkanes. With the secondary halides the yield is very low, and with tertiary ha ...
Hofmann–Löffler reaction
The Hofmann–Löffler reaction (also referred to as Hofmann–Löffler–Freytag reaction, Löffler–Freytag reaction, Löffler–Hofmann reaction, as well as Löffler's method) is an organic reaction in which a cyclic amine 2 (pyrrolidine or, in some cases, piperidine) is generated by thermal or photochemical decomposition of N-halogenated amine 1 in the presence of a strong acid (concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated CF3CO2H). The Hofmann–Löffler–Freytag reaction proceeds via an intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer to a nitrogen-centered radical and is an example of a remote intramolecular free radical C–H functionalization.