Lecture 1
... EPR spectra show that the odd electron is delocalized in an antibonding orbital of C 10H 8 . Formation of radical anion is more favorable when the π of LUMO of the arene is low in energy. Simple MOT predicts that the energy of LUMO decreases steadily on going from benzene to more extensively conjuga ...
... EPR spectra show that the odd electron is delocalized in an antibonding orbital of C 10H 8 . Formation of radical anion is more favorable when the π of LUMO of the arene is low in energy. Simple MOT predicts that the energy of LUMO decreases steadily on going from benzene to more extensively conjuga ...
File
... alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C’s have H’s attached, molecules are called __________ hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C ______ bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC ______ bonds alkenes & alkynes are called unsaturated hydrocarbons because they have _______ than the maximum possible nu ...
... alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C’s have H’s attached, molecules are called __________ hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C ______ bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC ______ bonds alkenes & alkynes are called unsaturated hydrocarbons because they have _______ than the maximum possible nu ...
top 5 organic - No Brain Too Small
... Alcohols, their reactions and how to distinguish between them Reaction - Oxidation Use orange coloured H+/Cr2O72- (reduced to green Cr3+) or purple coloured H+/MnO4-(reduced to ...
... Alcohols, their reactions and how to distinguish between them Reaction - Oxidation Use orange coloured H+/Cr2O72- (reduced to green Cr3+) or purple coloured H+/MnO4-(reduced to ...
Organic Chemistry Control Test
... 4.4 state one possible reason for the trend mentioned in 6.3 4.5 The boiling points of alcohols are notably higher than that of alkanes. Give a reason for this. ...
... 4.4 state one possible reason for the trend mentioned in 6.3 4.5 The boiling points of alcohols are notably higher than that of alkanes. Give a reason for this. ...
Chapter 1-
... The reaction is governed by the position of all the equilibria Hydration is favored by addition of a small amount of acid and a large amount of water Dehydration is favored by concentrated acid with very little water present (removal of water produced also helps favor dehydration) ...
... The reaction is governed by the position of all the equilibria Hydration is favored by addition of a small amount of acid and a large amount of water Dehydration is favored by concentrated acid with very little water present (removal of water produced also helps favor dehydration) ...
Step 1
... Secondary amines are stronger bases than primary amines because they have more alkyl groups that are substituted onto the N atom in place of H atoms. Therefore more electrons are pushed onto the N atom (because of the positive inductive effect of alkyl groups). One might expect using the same ...
... Secondary amines are stronger bases than primary amines because they have more alkyl groups that are substituted onto the N atom in place of H atoms. Therefore more electrons are pushed onto the N atom (because of the positive inductive effect of alkyl groups). One might expect using the same ...
H1- Functional Groups Theory Sheet Alcohol An alcohol group
... A functional group is a specific group of atoms or bonds that form part of an organic molecule. A certain type of functional group will undergo similar chemical reactions even when attached to different sized molecules; however neighbouring groups may affect this reactivity. A molecule can have mult ...
... A functional group is a specific group of atoms or bonds that form part of an organic molecule. A certain type of functional group will undergo similar chemical reactions even when attached to different sized molecules; however neighbouring groups may affect this reactivity. A molecule can have mult ...
Reactions at Benzylic Carbons Carboxylic Acids and Reduction
... Synthetically Equivalent to Carbanions alkyllithium (organolithium) Grignard reagent (organomagnesium halide) alkynylsodium Computed electronic structure of CH3Li ...
... Synthetically Equivalent to Carbanions alkyllithium (organolithium) Grignard reagent (organomagnesium halide) alkynylsodium Computed electronic structure of CH3Li ...
NAME
... 3. For the list on the left, name the compound. For the list on the right, give the chemical formula that corresponds to the name NAME ...
... 3. For the list on the left, name the compound. For the list on the right, give the chemical formula that corresponds to the name NAME ...
Williamson Ether Synthesis
... This occurs by simply dissolving a tertiary or secondary haloalkane in an alcohol and waiting until the SN1 process is complete. ...
... This occurs by simply dissolving a tertiary or secondary haloalkane in an alcohol and waiting until the SN1 process is complete. ...
Period 5
... and air conditioners, but was banned because it was found to damage the environment •Another compound containing halogens is trichloroethane (C₂H₃Cl₃ ) which, even though it can cause severe health problems, is used in dry-cleaning solutions ...
... and air conditioners, but was banned because it was found to damage the environment •Another compound containing halogens is trichloroethane (C₂H₃Cl₃ ) which, even though it can cause severe health problems, is used in dry-cleaning solutions ...
GLOSSARY
... 2. alcohol an organic compound that contains one or more hydroxyl groups 3. aldehyde an organic compound in which a carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon-atom chain 4. alkane a hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds 5. alkene a hydrocarbon that contains double coval ...
... 2. alcohol an organic compound that contains one or more hydroxyl groups 3. aldehyde an organic compound in which a carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon-atom chain 4. alkane a hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds 5. alkene a hydrocarbon that contains double coval ...
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
... Aldehydes and Ketones • Aldehydes have a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of a carbon chain • To name, replace final “e” of parent chain with “al” Will always be on # 1 carbon Ex. ethanal • Ketones have a carbonyl group (C=O) in the midst of a carbon chain • To name, number carbons so that carbon i ...
... Aldehydes and Ketones • Aldehydes have a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of a carbon chain • To name, replace final “e” of parent chain with “al” Will always be on # 1 carbon Ex. ethanal • Ketones have a carbonyl group (C=O) in the midst of a carbon chain • To name, number carbons so that carbon i ...
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Alex Science Department
... with the same number of carbon atoms… - with alkane molecules, there are only London forces involved - with alkyl halides there are dipole-dipole forces involved too - the dipole-dipole forces are stronger and thus more energy is needed to separate the molecules 2) Melting points and boiling points ...
... with the same number of carbon atoms… - with alkane molecules, there are only London forces involved - with alkyl halides there are dipole-dipole forces involved too - the dipole-dipole forces are stronger and thus more energy is needed to separate the molecules 2) Melting points and boiling points ...
MODULE 1: Chemistry for Life – The Elements of Life
... Contrast the benefits of chlorine use in water treatment (killing bacteria) with associated risks (hazards of toxic chlorine gas and possible risks from formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons). HOW SCIENCE WORKS (6a, 6b) Describe the precipitation reactions, including ionic equations, of the aqueous ...
... Contrast the benefits of chlorine use in water treatment (killing bacteria) with associated risks (hazards of toxic chlorine gas and possible risks from formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons). HOW SCIENCE WORKS (6a, 6b) Describe the precipitation reactions, including ionic equations, of the aqueous ...
Organic Chemistry
... PROBLEM: Give the systematic name for each of the following, indicate the chiral center in part (d), and draw two geometric isomers for part (e). ...
... PROBLEM: Give the systematic name for each of the following, indicate the chiral center in part (d), and draw two geometric isomers for part (e). ...
Document
... • For an alcohol to undergo nucleophilic substitution, OH must be converted into a better leaving group. By using acid, ¯OH can be converted into H2O, a good leaving group. ...
... • For an alcohol to undergo nucleophilic substitution, OH must be converted into a better leaving group. By using acid, ¯OH can be converted into H2O, a good leaving group. ...
ch15
... PROBLEM: Give the systematic name for each of the following, indicate the chiral center in part (d), and draw two geometric isomers for part (e). ...
... PROBLEM: Give the systematic name for each of the following, indicate the chiral center in part (d), and draw two geometric isomers for part (e). ...
Free Radical Chemistry and the Preparation of Alkyl
... Used in reactions with carbonyl compounds (more on this in CHM252) Used in substitution reactions with alcohols to make ethers Magnesium inserts itself into the C – X bond of 1o, 2o or 3o alkyl halides: ...
... Used in reactions with carbonyl compounds (more on this in CHM252) Used in substitution reactions with alcohols to make ethers Magnesium inserts itself into the C – X bond of 1o, 2o or 3o alkyl halides: ...
Unit 4_Carbonyl and carboxylic acid questions
... 4. Explain in terms of bonding why carbonyls have higher b.ps than corresponding alkanes but lower b.ps than corresponding alcohols. ...
... 4. Explain in terms of bonding why carbonyls have higher b.ps than corresponding alkanes but lower b.ps than corresponding alcohols. ...
organic chem ppt notes
... • Short-chained alcohols are soluble in water Fermentation- production of ethanol from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 Denatured Alcohol- ethanol with an added substance to make it toxic ...
... • Short-chained alcohols are soluble in water Fermentation- production of ethanol from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 Denatured Alcohol- ethanol with an added substance to make it toxic ...
Carbon Compounds. Organic Molecules.
... Their reaction rates are usually slow. Carbon easily connects with hydrogen and oxygen. Due to the presence of oxygen, many carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures. ...
... Their reaction rates are usually slow. Carbon easily connects with hydrogen and oxygen. Due to the presence of oxygen, many carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures. ...
Haloalkane
The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula ″RX″ where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the development of organic chemistry and the understanding of the structure of alkanes. Methods were developed for the selective formation of C-halogen bonds. Especially versatile methods included the addition of halogens to alkenes, hydrohalogenation of alkenes, and the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides. These methods are so reliable and so easily implemented that haloalkanes became cheaply available for use in industrial chemistry because the halide could be further replaced by other functional groups.While most haloalkanes are human-produced, non-artificial-source haloalkanes do occur on Earth, mostly through enzyme-mediated synthesis by bacteria, fungi, and especially sea macroalgae (seaweeds). More than 1600 halogenated organics have been identified, with bromoalkanes being the most common haloalkanes. Brominated organics in biology range from biologically produced methyl bromide to non-alkane aromatics and unsaturates (indoles, terpenes, acetogenins, and phenols). Halogenated alkanes in land plants are more rare, but do occur, as for example the fluoroacetate produced as a toxin by at least 40 species of known plants. Specific dehalogenase enzymes in bacteria which remove halogens from haloalkanes, are also known.