Bluetongue virus diagnosis of clinical cases by a duplex reverse
... A duplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the detection of bluetongue virus (BTV) in clinical samples was developed. This assay, which detects the highly conserved S10 region of BTV, was assessed for sensitivity and application as a rapid and dependable diagnostic t ...
... A duplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the detection of bluetongue virus (BTV) in clinical samples was developed. This assay, which detects the highly conserved S10 region of BTV, was assessed for sensitivity and application as a rapid and dependable diagnostic t ...
Student Worksheets
... 1. What was Beijerinck’s major insight regarding how to identify viruses? a. A filter can be used to separate viruses from bacteria because of their different sizes. b. Bacteria are always smaller than viruses. c. Only bacteria infect plants. d. DNA can be used to identify the differences between vir ...
... 1. What was Beijerinck’s major insight regarding how to identify viruses? a. A filter can be used to separate viruses from bacteria because of their different sizes. b. Bacteria are always smaller than viruses. c. Only bacteria infect plants. d. DNA can be used to identify the differences between vir ...
Lecture 01. Infectious diseases with exanthema syndrome
... Vitamin A 200 000 Units orally daily Care for oral cavity, conjunctiva. ...
... Vitamin A 200 000 Units orally daily Care for oral cavity, conjunctiva. ...
Mice lacking inducible nitric-oxide synthase are more susceptible to
... growth (Tucker et al., 1996). The present study provides direct in vivo evidence that iNOS plays a role in inhibiting HSV-1 replication and in host protection. The mechanism by which NO limits virus replication is at present unclear. It is likely that NO acts as a direct effector molecule rather tha ...
... growth (Tucker et al., 1996). The present study provides direct in vivo evidence that iNOS plays a role in inhibiting HSV-1 replication and in host protection. The mechanism by which NO limits virus replication is at present unclear. It is likely that NO acts as a direct effector molecule rather tha ...
Epidemiology Key Terms and Core Concepts
... Prodromal period The time during which a disease process has begun but is not yet clinically manifest. Reservoir (of an infectious agent) Any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, or substance (or combination of these) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends ...
... Prodromal period The time during which a disease process has begun but is not yet clinically manifest. Reservoir (of an infectious agent) Any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, or substance (or combination of these) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends ...
Immune response and virus population composition: HIV as a case
... the replication rate of the surviving virus is at some intermediate level that is inversely proportional to the immune response magnitude (d2). This key result is in conflict with the common assumption, which states that the virus with the greatest replication rate outcompetes all other viruses. Equ ...
... the replication rate of the surviving virus is at some intermediate level that is inversely proportional to the immune response magnitude (d2). This key result is in conflict with the common assumption, which states that the virus with the greatest replication rate outcompetes all other viruses. Equ ...
Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV)
... DNA repair system and apoptosis. This situation would happen repeatedly over a long period in the carrier, with expansion of clones of infected cells. Finally, the clonal expansion of cell population with damaged DNA, and accumulation of new mutations by Tax activity, could lead to a process of mali ...
... DNA repair system and apoptosis. This situation would happen repeatedly over a long period in the carrier, with expansion of clones of infected cells. Finally, the clonal expansion of cell population with damaged DNA, and accumulation of new mutations by Tax activity, could lead to a process of mali ...
BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS TRAINING MODULE
... Hepatitis B (HBV) In the United States, approximately 300,000 people are infected with HBV annually. Of these cases, a small percentage is fatal. “Hepatitis” means “inflammation of the liver,” and, as its name implies, Hepatitis B is a virus that infects the liver. While there are several different ...
... Hepatitis B (HBV) In the United States, approximately 300,000 people are infected with HBV annually. Of these cases, a small percentage is fatal. “Hepatitis” means “inflammation of the liver,” and, as its name implies, Hepatitis B is a virus that infects the liver. While there are several different ...
A factsheet for ADF applicants undergoing HIV, hepatitis B and
... blood borne viruses – HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), hepatitis B and hepatitis C – before enlistment or appointment. This type of testing is called screening, as everyone is tested. Most people who are screened have a negative test result and are not infected with a blood borne virus. It is imp ...
... blood borne viruses – HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), hepatitis B and hepatitis C – before enlistment or appointment. This type of testing is called screening, as everyone is tested. Most people who are screened have a negative test result and are not infected with a blood borne virus. It is imp ...
Zika virus and neurology: proving cause and effect | SpringerLink
... T. H. Massey1 • N. P. Robertson1 ...
... T. H. Massey1 • N. P. Robertson1 ...
Medical Virology - e
... Type of infection Virus replicates initially at the site of entry, but then enters the blood (viraemia) or lymphatics and spreads throughout the body .Other viruses may replicate locally initially, and then enter nerve endings and travel up the axon to infect the central nervous system. Time from ex ...
... Type of infection Virus replicates initially at the site of entry, but then enters the blood (viraemia) or lymphatics and spreads throughout the body .Other viruses may replicate locally initially, and then enter nerve endings and travel up the axon to infect the central nervous system. Time from ex ...
Influence of insertion site of the avian influenza virus haemagglutinin
... analysis. Total RNA was isolated from the virus-infected CEFs, separated in denaturing agarose gels, transferred to nylon membranes and hybridized with 32P-labelled antisense RNA specific for AIV H5, AIV N1 or NDV P. The signals were quantified by radioluminography using a FLA3000 scanner (Fujifilm) ...
... analysis. Total RNA was isolated from the virus-infected CEFs, separated in denaturing agarose gels, transferred to nylon membranes and hybridized with 32P-labelled antisense RNA specific for AIV H5, AIV N1 or NDV P. The signals were quantified by radioluminography using a FLA3000 scanner (Fujifilm) ...
Deliberate introduction of the European rabbit, Oryctolagus
... similar fibroma virus, and had in his laboratory many European and American rabbits infected with one or other of these viruses. Unaware of Dr Aragão’s previous efforts, but impressed with the possibility of using myxomatosis as a method of controlling Australian wild rabbits, which were by this tim ...
... similar fibroma virus, and had in his laboratory many European and American rabbits infected with one or other of these viruses. Unaware of Dr Aragão’s previous efforts, but impressed with the possibility of using myxomatosis as a method of controlling Australian wild rabbits, which were by this tim ...
Andrew Kim 7790-7232 The Effects of FV3 Ranavirus on the
... surviving outside of a host in an aquatic environment for extended periods of time and remains virulent during this time. (Blaustein et al. 2012) A bullfrog that is swimming in water contaminated by an infected host can be infected by FV3 in a matter of hours. (Miller et al. 2011) Combined with the ...
... surviving outside of a host in an aquatic environment for extended periods of time and remains virulent during this time. (Blaustein et al. 2012) A bullfrog that is swimming in water contaminated by an infected host can be infected by FV3 in a matter of hours. (Miller et al. 2011) Combined with the ...
Infectious Disease Information for Emergency Service Workers
... to protect yourself from getting an infectious disease. To assess your risk, you must: • Determine how likely you are to: ○○ Have your skin or clothing contaminated. ○○ Be exposed to broken skin, blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions or tissues. ○○ Be exposed to mucous membranes (eyes, nose, m ...
... to protect yourself from getting an infectious disease. To assess your risk, you must: • Determine how likely you are to: ○○ Have your skin or clothing contaminated. ○○ Be exposed to broken skin, blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions or tissues. ○○ Be exposed to mucous membranes (eyes, nose, m ...
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
... the blood. For specific details check with your family veterinarian. The blood test is quite accurate, but false positives and occasionally false negatives do occur. To be absolutely certain, cats must be tested 1-3 months after their last known exposure. Kittens under 5 months old may test positive ...
... the blood. For specific details check with your family veterinarian. The blood test is quite accurate, but false positives and occasionally false negatives do occur. To be absolutely certain, cats must be tested 1-3 months after their last known exposure. Kittens under 5 months old may test positive ...
Potent mutagens have positive and negative effects on viral fitness
... While we cannot say that we in fact induced error catastrophe in Reovirus, the mutagens did cause a substantial decrease in infectivity before passage 3 for both viral strains. However, the most intriguing part of the experiments was the consistent yet unexpected gain in infectivity after passage 3 ...
... While we cannot say that we in fact induced error catastrophe in Reovirus, the mutagens did cause a substantial decrease in infectivity before passage 3 for both viral strains. However, the most intriguing part of the experiments was the consistent yet unexpected gain in infectivity after passage 3 ...
Modern Uses of Electron Microscopy for Detection of Viruses
... not further characterized (30). In a different study of the incidence of rotavirus in dairy herds in Brazil, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis not only identified rotavirus, but in 4 of 63 samples, detected a bisegmented genome. Negative staining of stool specimens from these cattle demonstrated a ...
... not further characterized (30). In a different study of the incidence of rotavirus in dairy herds in Brazil, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis not only identified rotavirus, but in 4 of 63 samples, detected a bisegmented genome. Negative staining of stool specimens from these cattle demonstrated a ...
MIB 311 - Fountain University, Osogbo
... 1. they are much larger (850 – 1500 nm) than all previously characterized viruses (10 – 100 nm) • blurred the distinction between viruses and cells • May need to redefine ‘life’ ...
... 1. they are much larger (850 – 1500 nm) than all previously characterized viruses (10 – 100 nm) • blurred the distinction between viruses and cells • May need to redefine ‘life’ ...
interim guidance
... Control and Prevention In areas affected by Zika virus transmission, protect yourself and others from possible exposure to Zika virus by always taking steps to prevent mosquito bites. There is no vaccine to prevent Zika virus and there is no specific treatment for individuals who become infected. Al ...
... Control and Prevention In areas affected by Zika virus transmission, protect yourself and others from possible exposure to Zika virus by always taking steps to prevent mosquito bites. There is no vaccine to prevent Zika virus and there is no specific treatment for individuals who become infected. Al ...
Norovirus surveillance system provides near real
... Noroviruses are genetically diverse and are classified into at least six known genogroups and are further subdivided into at least 38 genetic clusters (genotypes). Worldwide, genogroup II genotype 4 has been the predominant virus for the past decade. However, new variant strains emerge within this g ...
... Noroviruses are genetically diverse and are classified into at least six known genogroups and are further subdivided into at least 38 genetic clusters (genotypes). Worldwide, genogroup II genotype 4 has been the predominant virus for the past decade. However, new variant strains emerge within this g ...
Chicken Pox Pamphlet - Saginaw County Department of Public Health
... What are the symptoms? There may be 1-2 days of fever and feeling tired and sick before the rash onset, but in children, the rash is often the first sign of the disease. The rash usually comes out in “crops” of multiple, small red bumps that look like insect bites. They quickly develop fluid-filled ...
... What are the symptoms? There may be 1-2 days of fever and feeling tired and sick before the rash onset, but in children, the rash is often the first sign of the disease. The rash usually comes out in “crops” of multiple, small red bumps that look like insect bites. They quickly develop fluid-filled ...
Persistent influenza C virus possesses distinct functional properties
... Fig. 3. Kinetics of virus attachment to cell surfaces. InfluenzaC/Ann Arbor/l/50 virus (a to d) and its persistent variant (C/AA-pi; e to h) were processedin an MDCK cell attachment assay and visualizedby indirect immunofluorescence.Mock controls (a and e) are a cell control without virus. Adsorptio ...
... Fig. 3. Kinetics of virus attachment to cell surfaces. InfluenzaC/Ann Arbor/l/50 virus (a to d) and its persistent variant (C/AA-pi; e to h) were processedin an MDCK cell attachment assay and visualizedby indirect immunofluorescence.Mock controls (a and e) are a cell control without virus. Adsorptio ...
Influenza - National Academies
... droplets that may become aerosolized when people sneeze, cough, laugh, or exhale. They can be suspended in the air much like invisible smoke. They can travel on air currents over considerable distances. With airborne transmission, direct contact with someone who is infected is not necessary to becom ...
... droplets that may become aerosolized when people sneeze, cough, laugh, or exhale. They can be suspended in the air much like invisible smoke. They can travel on air currents over considerable distances. With airborne transmission, direct contact with someone who is infected is not necessary to becom ...
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear.The virus spreads by direct contact with body fluids, such as blood, of an infected human or other animals. This may also occur through contact with an item recently contaminated with bodily fluids. Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may still carry the virus for several weeks to months. Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it. Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services, alongside a certain level of community engagement. The medical services include rapid detection of cases of disease, contact tracing of those who have come into contact with infected individuals, quick access to laboratory services, proper healthcare for those who are infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Samples of body fluids and tissues from people with the disease should be handled with special caution. Prevention includes limiting the spread of disease from infected animals to humans. This may be done by handling potentially infected bush meat only while wearing protective clothing and by thoroughly cooking it before eating it. It also includes wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when around a person with the disease. No specific treatment or vaccine for the virus is available, although a number of potential treatments are being studied. Supportive efforts, however, improve outcomes. This includes either oral rehydration therapy (drinking slightly sweetened and salty water) or giving intravenous fluids as well as treating symptoms.The disease was first identified in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, and the other in Yambuku, a village near the Ebola River from which the disease takes its name. EVD outbreaks occur intermittently in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1976 and 2013, the World Health Organization reports a total of 24 outbreaks involving 1,716 cases. The largest outbreak is the ongoing epidemic in West Africa, still affecting Guinea and Sierra Leone. {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|casesasof}}, this outbreak has {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|cases}} reported cases resulting in {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|deaths}} deaths.{{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|caserefs}}