Hepatitis A Virus Transmission
... adequately nourished before the illness. • Acute hepatitis is usually a mild disease, associated with only a few days of anorexia, nausea, and occasionally vomiting. These are usually well tolerated by the patients, who require no nutritional supplementation, and are encouraged to eat normally. • Us ...
... adequately nourished before the illness. • Acute hepatitis is usually a mild disease, associated with only a few days of anorexia, nausea, and occasionally vomiting. These are usually well tolerated by the patients, who require no nutritional supplementation, and are encouraged to eat normally. • Us ...
REPORTABLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MICHIGAN
... Gastrointestinal: The intestinal form of anthrax follows the consumption of contaminated food, often meat, and is characterized by an acute inflammation of the intestinal tract. Initial signs of nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, and/or fever are followed by abdominal pain, vomiting of blood, and s ...
... Gastrointestinal: The intestinal form of anthrax follows the consumption of contaminated food, often meat, and is characterized by an acute inflammation of the intestinal tract. Initial signs of nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, and/or fever are followed by abdominal pain, vomiting of blood, and s ...
Virulence correlates with fitness in vivo for two M group genotypes of
... disease progression in the field (Frasher et al., 2007; Quinones-Mateu et al., 2000; Sagar et al., 2003; Troyer et al., 2005). Few truly in vivo empirical studies examining the association between vertebrate viral virulence and fitness, in intact hosts, are available; likely due to the difficulty of co ...
... disease progression in the field (Frasher et al., 2007; Quinones-Mateu et al., 2000; Sagar et al., 2003; Troyer et al., 2005). Few truly in vivo empirical studies examining the association between vertebrate viral virulence and fitness, in intact hosts, are available; likely due to the difficulty of co ...
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
... AZT (brand name Retrovir®) is a prominent antiviral medication for treating human HIV infection. Tests in FIV+ cats indicate that those with either neurologic signs or with stomatitis (oral inflammation) may benefit most. At this time, at least in cats, AZT seems to be something to save for when sym ...
... AZT (brand name Retrovir®) is a prominent antiviral medication for treating human HIV infection. Tests in FIV+ cats indicate that those with either neurologic signs or with stomatitis (oral inflammation) may benefit most. At this time, at least in cats, AZT seems to be something to save for when sym ...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
... Several reports indicate that virus-neutralizing antibodies are correlated with virus elimination from infected pigs and protection against PRRSV replication and virusinduced disease (Labarque et al., 2000; Osorio et al., 2002). Virus-specific antibodies can help to resolve infection, not only by di ...
... Several reports indicate that virus-neutralizing antibodies are correlated with virus elimination from infected pigs and protection against PRRSV replication and virusinduced disease (Labarque et al., 2000; Osorio et al., 2002). Virus-specific antibodies can help to resolve infection, not only by di ...
STUDIES ON BOVINE HERPESVIRUSES. PART 1. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERI-
... Herpesviruses have been isolated from man, domesticated mammals, birds, reptiles and fish (Fenner, 1976). Pathological changes have resulted in some species. The diseases caused by herpesviruses can result in economic losses. Examples are Aujeszky's disease in pigs; equine rhinopneumonitis in horses ...
... Herpesviruses have been isolated from man, domesticated mammals, birds, reptiles and fish (Fenner, 1976). Pathological changes have resulted in some species. The diseases caused by herpesviruses can result in economic losses. Examples are Aujeszky's disease in pigs; equine rhinopneumonitis in horses ...
1 - 中国疾病预防控制中心应用门户
... influenza—was reported as the cause of outbreaks in North American swine, with subsequent establishment in pig populations4, 5. Co-circulation and mixing of the triple-reassortant H3N2 with established swine lineages subsequently generated further H1N1 and H1N2 reassortant swine viruses6, 7, 8, whic ...
... influenza—was reported as the cause of outbreaks in North American swine, with subsequent establishment in pig populations4, 5. Co-circulation and mixing of the triple-reassortant H3N2 with established swine lineages subsequently generated further H1N1 and H1N2 reassortant swine viruses6, 7, 8, whic ...
Herpesviruses_Gersho..
... that is lifelong for the host 4. ubiquitous and thus found all over the world Herpesviruses have two basic forms of replication, lytic and latent. During lytic infection, all of the genes of the virus are expressed, and as a result, the host cell dies. During latent infection, there is limited gene ...
... that is lifelong for the host 4. ubiquitous and thus found all over the world Herpesviruses have two basic forms of replication, lytic and latent. During lytic infection, all of the genes of the virus are expressed, and as a result, the host cell dies. During latent infection, there is limited gene ...
42. Improved FMD diagnosis using real-time RT-PCR
... Discussion: The ELISA and VI have been recommended laboratory procedures for FMD diagnosis for nearly twenty years based on their suitability to detect the presence of FMDV antigen in tissue samples. It is evident from the present study that these procedures are deficient for certain specimens. The ...
... Discussion: The ELISA and VI have been recommended laboratory procedures for FMD diagnosis for nearly twenty years based on their suitability to detect the presence of FMDV antigen in tissue samples. It is evident from the present study that these procedures are deficient for certain specimens. The ...
Biosafety Application
... 1. Infectious agents requiring handling conditions above Biosafety Level-1. (Biosafety Level determinations are based on the recommendations outlined by the CDC-NIH publication Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories.) 2. Toxins, Microbiological, or Chemical to be used in animal or ...
... 1. Infectious agents requiring handling conditions above Biosafety Level-1. (Biosafety Level determinations are based on the recommendations outlined by the CDC-NIH publication Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories.) 2. Toxins, Microbiological, or Chemical to be used in animal or ...
Review of SV40 contamination of polio vaccine
... SV40 DNA in tumours. The results have been conflicting, some studies showing no positives others a high proportion. Most workers have focussed on detection of the viral oncogene (T antigen) andlor its expression. Persistence of these sequences integrated into the host cell genome would be expected f ...
... SV40 DNA in tumours. The results have been conflicting, some studies showing no positives others a high proportion. Most workers have focussed on detection of the viral oncogene (T antigen) andlor its expression. Persistence of these sequences integrated into the host cell genome would be expected f ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
... Exposure to FECV does not necessarily produce clinical signs, however it may cause upper-respiratory-like symptoms, loose stools, fever, weight loss, lack of appetite and jaundice. Even though an infected cat may show no signs, it can continue to shed the FECV virus for up to seven weeks after expos ...
... Exposure to FECV does not necessarily produce clinical signs, however it may cause upper-respiratory-like symptoms, loose stools, fever, weight loss, lack of appetite and jaundice. Even though an infected cat may show no signs, it can continue to shed the FECV virus for up to seven weeks after expos ...
Avian Influenza
... How is influenza spread? • Influenza spreads easily from person to person through coughing and sneezing. • Influenza is also spread by touching an infected person or an item contaminated with the virus and then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth. ...
... How is influenza spread? • Influenza spreads easily from person to person through coughing and sneezing. • Influenza is also spread by touching an infected person or an item contaminated with the virus and then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth. ...
infectious diseases
... Fact About 80% of infectious diseases are spread by hand contact. Washing your hands with soap and water is a simple and effective way to prevent the spread of colds and the flu. Do you think most teens wash their hands as much as they should? What do you think are some ways to encourage more freque ...
... Fact About 80% of infectious diseases are spread by hand contact. Washing your hands with soap and water is a simple and effective way to prevent the spread of colds and the flu. Do you think most teens wash their hands as much as they should? What do you think are some ways to encourage more freque ...
Application of the pseudo-plaque assay for detection and titration of
... Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Turkey-Kelkit06 stock viruses were titrated by the focus formation assay following the peroxidase–antiperoxidase method described by Okuna et al. with minor modifications (Okuno et al., 1985a, 1985b). Vero E6 or SW13 cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Corning, USA) ...
... Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Turkey-Kelkit06 stock viruses were titrated by the focus formation assay following the peroxidase–antiperoxidase method described by Okuna et al. with minor modifications (Okuno et al., 1985a, 1985b). Vero E6 or SW13 cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Corning, USA) ...
Fact Sheet: Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus
... Switch from trivalent to bivalent OPV. Trivalent OPV contains weakened forms of all three strains of polio, including type 2. Wild poliovirus type 2 was eradicated in 1999. The weakened type 2 strain in trivalent OPV is no longer needed to protect children from wild polio, but causes 90% of all cVDP ...
... Switch from trivalent to bivalent OPV. Trivalent OPV contains weakened forms of all three strains of polio, including type 2. Wild poliovirus type 2 was eradicated in 1999. The weakened type 2 strain in trivalent OPV is no longer needed to protect children from wild polio, but causes 90% of all cVDP ...
Influenza Pandemics of the 20th Century
... was isolated. The epidemic was notable because of the initial difficulty in establishing its cause as an influenza A virus because of its considerable antigenic difference from previous influenza A viruses. Indeed, for a time it was identified as “influenza A prime” (22). The 1947 epidemic has been ...
... was isolated. The epidemic was notable because of the initial difficulty in establishing its cause as an influenza A virus because of its considerable antigenic difference from previous influenza A viruses. Indeed, for a time it was identified as “influenza A prime” (22). The 1947 epidemic has been ...
UNCONVENTIONAL VIRUSES AND THE ORIGIN AND DISAPPEARANCE OF KURU
... virus-induced slow infections that we have described as subactute spongiform virus encephalopathies because of the strikingly similar histopathological lesions they induce; and, scrapie and mink encephalopathy appear, both from their histopathology, pathogenesis, and the similarities of their infect ...
... virus-induced slow infections that we have described as subactute spongiform virus encephalopathies because of the strikingly similar histopathological lesions they induce; and, scrapie and mink encephalopathy appear, both from their histopathology, pathogenesis, and the similarities of their infect ...
D. Carleton Gajdusek - Nobel Lecture
... virus-induced slow infections that we have described as subactute spongiform virus encephalopathies because of the strikingly similar histopathological lesions they induce; and, scrapie and mink encephalopathy appear, both from their histopathology, pathogenesis, and the similarities of their infect ...
... virus-induced slow infections that we have described as subactute spongiform virus encephalopathies because of the strikingly similar histopathological lesions they induce; and, scrapie and mink encephalopathy appear, both from their histopathology, pathogenesis, and the similarities of their infect ...
Vaccination: A Tool for the Control of Avian Influenza
... since the conference was held. In 2006, 47 countries throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe reported highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in poultry or wild birds; in 2008 (through August), 25 countries have filed reports with the World Organisation for Animal Health regarding H5N1 outbreaks. The deb ...
... since the conference was held. In 2006, 47 countries throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe reported highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in poultry or wild birds; in 2008 (through August), 25 countries have filed reports with the World Organisation for Animal Health regarding H5N1 outbreaks. The deb ...
25 serological study by using the elisa technique to identification of
... (Cavanagh and Naqi, 1997). Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) was first described in the United States of America (USA) in the 1930s as an acute respiratory disease mainly of young chickens (Li et al., 2009). The virus is a member of the genus Coronavirus, family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales. The ...
... (Cavanagh and Naqi, 1997). Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) was first described in the United States of America (USA) in the 1930s as an acute respiratory disease mainly of young chickens (Li et al., 2009). The virus is a member of the genus Coronavirus, family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales. The ...
against Intra-serotype
... from SAT2/ZIM/14/90 and vSAT2ZIM14-SAT2 infected BHK-21 cells were harvested, inactivated with 5mM binary ethyleneimine (BEI) for 26 h at 25 ◦C, clarified by centrifugation, concentrated with 8% PEG (w/v) and resolved on 10–50% (w/v) sucrose density gradients (SDG) by rate zonal centrifugation at 36, ...
... from SAT2/ZIM/14/90 and vSAT2ZIM14-SAT2 infected BHK-21 cells were harvested, inactivated with 5mM binary ethyleneimine (BEI) for 26 h at 25 ◦C, clarified by centrifugation, concentrated with 8% PEG (w/v) and resolved on 10–50% (w/v) sucrose density gradients (SDG) by rate zonal centrifugation at 36, ...
Real-time PCR
... to consider new diagnostic methods for OIE listed and notifiable aquatic animal diseases; to consider changes to the OIE Aquatic Animal Code; and to make recommendations to the Director General and to the OIE World Assembly of Member Country Delegates. In 2011, I participated in the AAHSC meeting of ...
... to consider new diagnostic methods for OIE listed and notifiable aquatic animal diseases; to consider changes to the OIE Aquatic Animal Code; and to make recommendations to the Director General and to the OIE World Assembly of Member Country Delegates. In 2011, I participated in the AAHSC meeting of ...
Transmission routes of African swine fever virus
... contaminated sweet potatoes or bananas (Montgomery 1921). It has been reported that infection by ingestion of pig tissues contaminated with this strain required a high dose of virus (at least 105 HAD50/ml) to effectively infect pigs (Heuschele 1967). Other authors determined the intranasal median ID ...
... contaminated sweet potatoes or bananas (Montgomery 1921). It has been reported that infection by ingestion of pig tissues contaminated with this strain required a high dose of virus (at least 105 HAD50/ml) to effectively infect pigs (Heuschele 1967). Other authors determined the intranasal median ID ...
1088-3818-1-SM
... Medicinal plants have been traditionally used for different kinds of ailments including infectious diseases of bacterial and viral origin. There is an increasing need for search of new compounds with antiviral activity due to the problems of viral resistance, viral latency and recurrent infection in ...
... Medicinal plants have been traditionally used for different kinds of ailments including infectious diseases of bacterial and viral origin. There is an increasing need for search of new compounds with antiviral activity due to the problems of viral resistance, viral latency and recurrent infection in ...
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear.The virus spreads by direct contact with body fluids, such as blood, of an infected human or other animals. This may also occur through contact with an item recently contaminated with bodily fluids. Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may still carry the virus for several weeks to months. Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it. Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services, alongside a certain level of community engagement. The medical services include rapid detection of cases of disease, contact tracing of those who have come into contact with infected individuals, quick access to laboratory services, proper healthcare for those who are infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Samples of body fluids and tissues from people with the disease should be handled with special caution. Prevention includes limiting the spread of disease from infected animals to humans. This may be done by handling potentially infected bush meat only while wearing protective clothing and by thoroughly cooking it before eating it. It also includes wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when around a person with the disease. No specific treatment or vaccine for the virus is available, although a number of potential treatments are being studied. Supportive efforts, however, improve outcomes. This includes either oral rehydration therapy (drinking slightly sweetened and salty water) or giving intravenous fluids as well as treating symptoms.The disease was first identified in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, and the other in Yambuku, a village near the Ebola River from which the disease takes its name. EVD outbreaks occur intermittently in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1976 and 2013, the World Health Organization reports a total of 24 outbreaks involving 1,716 cases. The largest outbreak is the ongoing epidemic in West Africa, still affecting Guinea and Sierra Leone. {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|casesasof}}, this outbreak has {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|cases}} reported cases resulting in {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|deaths}} deaths.{{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|caserefs}}