Viruses infecting the marine Prymnesiophyte
... 1994, Waterbury & Valois 1993) have been found in both coastal and offshore marine environments and can occur a t concentrations greater than 105 ml-'. Not only are viruses which infect phytoplankton abundant, but other evidence suggests that they can cause significant mortality in natural phytoplan ...
... 1994, Waterbury & Valois 1993) have been found in both coastal and offshore marine environments and can occur a t concentrations greater than 105 ml-'. Not only are viruses which infect phytoplankton abundant, but other evidence suggests that they can cause significant mortality in natural phytoplan ...
Risks of spreading foot and mouth disease through milk and
... d) the filling of the tanker with milk will result in the displacement of air from the tanker. Agitation w i t h i n the tanker during filling and transportation could then result in the release of infective aerosols. Epidemiological links were found between the routes taken by bulk milk tankers and ...
... d) the filling of the tanker with milk will result in the displacement of air from the tanker. Agitation w i t h i n the tanker during filling and transportation could then result in the release of infective aerosols. Epidemiological links were found between the routes taken by bulk milk tankers and ...
Disease Fact Sheets - University of Illinois Agricultural Education
... or hides. Anthrax may also be transferred by biting flies. Within a few days, redness, and swelling occur followed by a black scab at the site of infection. This cutaneous (skin) form is most commonly seen with natural infections of anthrax. Anthrax can also be inhaled (aerosol) in contaminated dust ...
... or hides. Anthrax may also be transferred by biting flies. Within a few days, redness, and swelling occur followed by a black scab at the site of infection. This cutaneous (skin) form is most commonly seen with natural infections of anthrax. Anthrax can also be inhaled (aerosol) in contaminated dust ...
Timing and severity of immunizing diseases in rabbits is controlled
... be explained: via the annual matching of the timing of host reproduction (dashed grey lines) and via virus introduction periods (shaded areas). Each panel represents 2 years of recurrent dynamics. Grey rabbits represent immune individuals and red ones susceptible individuals. Adults (large individua ...
... be explained: via the annual matching of the timing of host reproduction (dashed grey lines) and via virus introduction periods (shaded areas). Each panel represents 2 years of recurrent dynamics. Grey rabbits represent immune individuals and red ones susceptible individuals. Adults (large individua ...
Calibration of a SEIR epidemic model to describe Zika virus
... The Zika virus is a flavivirus that upon infection in humans causes a illness, known as Zika fever, identified commonly with macular or papular rash, mild fever and arthritis [62, 7]. It is mainly a vector-borne disease, carried by the genus Aedes of mosquitoes [62, 26], although sexual transmission ...
... The Zika virus is a flavivirus that upon infection in humans causes a illness, known as Zika fever, identified commonly with macular or papular rash, mild fever and arthritis [62, 7]. It is mainly a vector-borne disease, carried by the genus Aedes of mosquitoes [62, 26], although sexual transmission ...
13. HIV-1 infection - Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
... binding of gp120 to an adhesion molecular complex called dendritic cell-specific, intercellular adhesion molecule–grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN).27 Though not productively infected, these cells migrate to regional lymph nodes, where infection of CD4 T cells occurs through direct cell-to-cell contact ...
... binding of gp120 to an adhesion molecular complex called dendritic cell-specific, intercellular adhesion molecule–grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN).27 Though not productively infected, these cells migrate to regional lymph nodes, where infection of CD4 T cells occurs through direct cell-to-cell contact ...
Bovine Leukosis Virus Update II: Impact on Immunity and Disease
... specific to a particular pathogen. Innate immunity is present or activated quickly at the site of infection by numerous stimuli; however, they are not augmented by repeated exposure to the same insult. Conversely, the specific or acquired immune system recognizes specific pathogen (antigens) that a ...
... specific to a particular pathogen. Innate immunity is present or activated quickly at the site of infection by numerous stimuli; however, they are not augmented by repeated exposure to the same insult. Conversely, the specific or acquired immune system recognizes specific pathogen (antigens) that a ...
Comparison of virus production in chicken embryo fibroblasts
... that grows efficiently in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and baby hamster kidney cells only. MVA produces significantly more of the enveloped forms of VV in infected CEFs compared with VV strain Copenhagen. In the present study, production of the different infectious forms of VV was compa ...
... that grows efficiently in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and baby hamster kidney cells only. MVA produces significantly more of the enveloped forms of VV in infected CEFs compared with VV strain Copenhagen. In the present study, production of the different infectious forms of VV was compa ...
- Veterinary Research
... the design and use of nucleic acid based virus detection methods such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. The genetic determinants of BTV virulence remain uncharacterized, however, as do those that presumably are responsible for, or associated with, emergence of the v ...
... the design and use of nucleic acid based virus detection methods such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. The genetic determinants of BTV virulence remain uncharacterized, however, as do those that presumably are responsible for, or associated with, emergence of the v ...
Canine Distemper Virus
... footpads and neurologic signs later in infection. If inadequate immunity is present, acute multisystemic illness usually develops about two weeks after initial exposure. Initial signs include a mild conjunctivitis with clear to mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge. Lethargy, fever, and decreased ...
... footpads and neurologic signs later in infection. If inadequate immunity is present, acute multisystemic illness usually develops about two weeks after initial exposure. Initial signs include a mild conjunctivitis with clear to mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge. Lethargy, fever, and decreased ...
Mathematical Analysis of HIV-1 Dynamics in Vivo
... The notion that virus concentration attains a set-point suggests that before therapy began, the patient was in a quasi-steady state in which dV /dt = 0. If this were the case, as our data on these patients suggested (see Figure 2.1 for three examples), then by knowing c and the initial virus concent ...
... The notion that virus concentration attains a set-point suggests that before therapy began, the patient was in a quasi-steady state in which dV /dt = 0. If this were the case, as our data on these patients suggested (see Figure 2.1 for three examples), then by knowing c and the initial virus concent ...
8. 8. 8. PА а=Р/ Р Р - Van Buren/Cass District Health Department
... of dehydration. Immunity may be strain-specific and lasts for only a few months. Given the genetic variability and continual mutation of noroviruses, individuals are likely to be repeatedly infected throughout their lifetimes. The incubation period for norovirus-associated gastroenteritis is between ...
... of dehydration. Immunity may be strain-specific and lasts for only a few months. Given the genetic variability and continual mutation of noroviruses, individuals are likely to be repeatedly infected throughout their lifetimes. The incubation period for norovirus-associated gastroenteritis is between ...
Diagnosis and treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in
... Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease is a rare but sometimes highly lethal infection. The reported incidence in Australia is approximately four cases per 100,000 live births 1. HSV type 2 (HSV-2) is the predominant serotype that causes infection in the newborn in the United States 2, whereas ...
... Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease is a rare but sometimes highly lethal infection. The reported incidence in Australia is approximately four cases per 100,000 live births 1. HSV type 2 (HSV-2) is the predominant serotype that causes infection in the newborn in the United States 2, whereas ...
The Immune Response in Measles: Virus Control, Clearance and
... Most RNA viruses, including MeV, replicate in the cytoplasm and do not integrate their genomes into that of the host cell and are considered susceptible to immune-mediated clearance. These infections and their effects on the immune system are generally perceived to be transient and restricted to the ...
... Most RNA viruses, including MeV, replicate in the cytoplasm and do not integrate their genomes into that of the host cell and are considered susceptible to immune-mediated clearance. These infections and their effects on the immune system are generally perceived to be transient and restricted to the ...
A suspected virus from soybean infecting cocoa seedlings
... testa tissue o~ seeds fr?~ infected. soy~ean. plants sugg~sts t~at It was ongInally. earned ~ this way. The mfectlon of soybean seedlIngs by a VIrUSwhich is only present in the testa suggests that the virus is highly infectious, although no infectivity tests from soybean to soybean could be done bef ...
... testa tissue o~ seeds fr?~ infected. soy~ean. plants sugg~sts t~at It was ongInally. earned ~ this way. The mfectlon of soybean seedlIngs by a VIrUSwhich is only present in the testa suggests that the virus is highly infectious, although no infectivity tests from soybean to soybean could be done bef ...
What is it? How does a person become infected
... infected person. When that person sneezes or coughs, droplets spray into the air. The infected mucus can land in other people’s noses or throats when they breathe, or put their fingers in their mouth or nose after touching an infected surface. The virus remains active and infectious on infected surf ...
... infected person. When that person sneezes or coughs, droplets spray into the air. The infected mucus can land in other people’s noses or throats when they breathe, or put their fingers in their mouth or nose after touching an infected surface. The virus remains active and infectious on infected surf ...
ICIP Jul 05.qxp
... methicillin resistant Stapylococcus aureus (MRSA). This is a very common organism found on the skin and mucous membranes of carriers. Although most carriers of Staphylococcus aureus are healthy and show no ill effects caused by the organism, when it is transmitted from the hands of workers to a pati ...
... methicillin resistant Stapylococcus aureus (MRSA). This is a very common organism found on the skin and mucous membranes of carriers. Although most carriers of Staphylococcus aureus are healthy and show no ill effects caused by the organism, when it is transmitted from the hands of workers to a pati ...
File - Kevin Crawford
... the disease manual which stated we must educate food handlers and public handlers of proper sanitary practices. Use pasteurized or irradiated egg products to prepare dishes. Exclude individuals with diarrhea from food handling. Indoctrinate known carriers on washing hands after using the restroom. R ...
... the disease manual which stated we must educate food handlers and public handlers of proper sanitary practices. Use pasteurized or irradiated egg products to prepare dishes. Exclude individuals with diarrhea from food handling. Indoctrinate known carriers on washing hands after using the restroom. R ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
... It is not certain how most cats become infected with FCoV. Direct contact between cats is the most likely route of transmission. The FCoV is present in the blood of infected cats, at least in the early stages, and may be shed in urine and feces. Although the virus is quite fragile and does not survi ...
... It is not certain how most cats become infected with FCoV. Direct contact between cats is the most likely route of transmission. The FCoV is present in the blood of infected cats, at least in the early stages, and may be shed in urine and feces. Although the virus is quite fragile and does not survi ...
Entry and exit screening measures - ECDC
... The duration of the incubation period affects the likelihood of infected persons developing symptoms during flights. When the incubation period is short, as for influenza (0.7–2.8 days [26,27]), the likelihood of disease progression during a flight is higher [28]. For SARS, with a longer incubation ...
... The duration of the incubation period affects the likelihood of infected persons developing symptoms during flights. When the incubation period is short, as for influenza (0.7–2.8 days [26,27]), the likelihood of disease progression during a flight is higher [28]. For SARS, with a longer incubation ...
a historical review of the Measles virus, vaccine and outbreaks
... "My suspicion, which is shared by others in my profession, is that the nearly 10,000 SIDS deaths that occur in the United States each year are related to one or more of the vaccines that are routinely given children. The pertussis vaccine is the most likely villain, but it could also be one or more ...
... "My suspicion, which is shared by others in my profession, is that the nearly 10,000 SIDS deaths that occur in the United States each year are related to one or more of the vaccines that are routinely given children. The pertussis vaccine is the most likely villain, but it could also be one or more ...
Further information on rat sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) virus
... In LBC and L-2 cells, cytopathic effect (CPE), viral antigen, viral particles, and virus infectivity could be demonstrated. Titers of up to 10(8.0) infectious viral particles/0.25 ml of culture fluid were obtained at 48 hours in L-2 cells. Titers in LBC cells were one to two logs lower. When suscept ...
... In LBC and L-2 cells, cytopathic effect (CPE), viral antigen, viral particles, and virus infectivity could be demonstrated. Titers of up to 10(8.0) infectious viral particles/0.25 ml of culture fluid were obtained at 48 hours in L-2 cells. Titers in LBC cells were one to two logs lower. When suscept ...
Innate immune responses in raccoons after raccoon rabies virus
... genes investigated in the spinal cord (Fig. 2). IFN-a demonstrated a seven-, five- and twofold increase in the spinal cord, brain and salivary glands, respectively. Transcripts of IFN-c increased by 116-fold, 130-fold and eightfold in the spinal cord, brain and salivary glands, respectively (Fig. 2) ...
... genes investigated in the spinal cord (Fig. 2). IFN-a demonstrated a seven-, five- and twofold increase in the spinal cord, brain and salivary glands, respectively. Transcripts of IFN-c increased by 116-fold, 130-fold and eightfold in the spinal cord, brain and salivary glands, respectively (Fig. 2) ...
Operation United Assistance: Infectious Disease Threats to
... postdeployment chemoprophylaxis adherence explored a randomized trial of short message service (SMS) reminders among French military returning from Cote d’Ivoire; however, no increase in adherence occurred.52 In contrast, some utility has been shown with SMS by U.S. military personnel in Liberia.53 ...
... postdeployment chemoprophylaxis adherence explored a randomized trial of short message service (SMS) reminders among French military returning from Cote d’Ivoire; however, no increase in adherence occurred.52 In contrast, some utility has been shown with SMS by U.S. military personnel in Liberia.53 ...
Guidelines on Croup
... 3 months and 5 years. Croup is seen more often in the Northern hemisphere, usually between the months of October through March. However, it can occur at anytime during the year. Cause(s) can include • Viral: The most common viral cause is the parainfluenza virus (75% of the time) but other viruses t ...
... 3 months and 5 years. Croup is seen more often in the Northern hemisphere, usually between the months of October through March. However, it can occur at anytime during the year. Cause(s) can include • Viral: The most common viral cause is the parainfluenza virus (75% of the time) but other viruses t ...
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear.The virus spreads by direct contact with body fluids, such as blood, of an infected human or other animals. This may also occur through contact with an item recently contaminated with bodily fluids. Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may still carry the virus for several weeks to months. Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it. Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services, alongside a certain level of community engagement. The medical services include rapid detection of cases of disease, contact tracing of those who have come into contact with infected individuals, quick access to laboratory services, proper healthcare for those who are infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Samples of body fluids and tissues from people with the disease should be handled with special caution. Prevention includes limiting the spread of disease from infected animals to humans. This may be done by handling potentially infected bush meat only while wearing protective clothing and by thoroughly cooking it before eating it. It also includes wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when around a person with the disease. No specific treatment or vaccine for the virus is available, although a number of potential treatments are being studied. Supportive efforts, however, improve outcomes. This includes either oral rehydration therapy (drinking slightly sweetened and salty water) or giving intravenous fluids as well as treating symptoms.The disease was first identified in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, and the other in Yambuku, a village near the Ebola River from which the disease takes its name. EVD outbreaks occur intermittently in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1976 and 2013, the World Health Organization reports a total of 24 outbreaks involving 1,716 cases. The largest outbreak is the ongoing epidemic in West Africa, still affecting Guinea and Sierra Leone. {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|casesasof}}, this outbreak has {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|cases}} reported cases resulting in {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|deaths}} deaths.{{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|caserefs}}