Chapter - Imperial Valley College
... each line describes the number of electrons shared by the bonded atoms single line = 2 shared electrons, a single covalent bond double line = 4 shared electrons, a double covalent bond triple line = 6 shared electrons, a triple covalent bond ...
... each line describes the number of electrons shared by the bonded atoms single line = 2 shared electrons, a single covalent bond double line = 4 shared electrons, a double covalent bond triple line = 6 shared electrons, a triple covalent bond ...
9 Content: Chemistry Stage 6 HSC Course
... Chemistry in Science Stage 6 provides students with a contemporary and coherent understanding of matter and its interactions. It focuses on investigating the physical and chemical properties of substances, chemical reactions and processes, and the interaction of energy and matter, and attempts to ex ...
... Chemistry in Science Stage 6 provides students with a contemporary and coherent understanding of matter and its interactions. It focuses on investigating the physical and chemical properties of substances, chemical reactions and processes, and the interaction of energy and matter, and attempts to ex ...
10.4103_0975-1483.63169
... system. Statins are mainly considered for long-term use and often constitute part of a multiple-drug regime, which commonly leads to drug interactions. As statins do not differ in their pharmacodynamic properties, the difference in their pharmacokinetic profiles constitutes the rationale for choosin ...
... system. Statins are mainly considered for long-term use and often constitute part of a multiple-drug regime, which commonly leads to drug interactions. As statins do not differ in their pharmacodynamic properties, the difference in their pharmacokinetic profiles constitutes the rationale for choosin ...
Preview Sample 1 - Test Bank, Manual Solution, Solution Manual
... Learning Outcome: 02.05.02 Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the four classes of biological molecules. Section: 02.05 Topic: Chemistry ...
... Learning Outcome: 02.05.02 Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the four classes of biological molecules. Section: 02.05 Topic: Chemistry ...
Marijuana
... caused by nausea in rabies patients and cholera as well as tetanus. Between 1745 and 1775 records from George Washington’s diary shows that he grew the drug for medical purposes at Mount Vernon. Between 1900, and 1p49 marijuana was used in south Asia to treat asthma and bronchitis. In 1914, the use ...
... caused by nausea in rabies patients and cholera as well as tetanus. Between 1745 and 1775 records from George Washington’s diary shows that he grew the drug for medical purposes at Mount Vernon. Between 1900, and 1p49 marijuana was used in south Asia to treat asthma and bronchitis. In 1914, the use ...
PARTICLE COATING, TASTE MASKING & PELLETIZATION
... Wurster coaters are bottom spray fluid bed coaters that have been extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry for coating of small particulates. They offer excellent heat and mass transfer within the product bed and are able to form uniform coats. however, their use has been limited by the prope ...
... Wurster coaters are bottom spray fluid bed coaters that have been extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry for coating of small particulates. They offer excellent heat and mass transfer within the product bed and are able to form uniform coats. however, their use has been limited by the prope ...
A European Respiratory Review on ...
... Does salmeterol have any additional useful effect apart from bronchodilation? Where should we place salmeterol in our plan of asthma management? The most controversial claim made for salmeterol is that it has significant anti-inflammatory properties. Conventional beta-agonists have long been know to ...
... Does salmeterol have any additional useful effect apart from bronchodilation? Where should we place salmeterol in our plan of asthma management? The most controversial claim made for salmeterol is that it has significant anti-inflammatory properties. Conventional beta-agonists have long been know to ...
FLUOROPLEX (fluorouracil) 1% Topical Cream DESCRIPTION
... Cream is applied with the fingers, and the hands should be washed immediately afterward. The reaction to FLUOROPLEX® Cream in treated areas may be unsightly during therapy, and, in some cases, for several weeks following cessation of therapy. Laboratory Tests: To rule out the presence of a frank ...
... Cream is applied with the fingers, and the hands should be washed immediately afterward. The reaction to FLUOROPLEX® Cream in treated areas may be unsightly during therapy, and, in some cases, for several weeks following cessation of therapy. Laboratory Tests: To rule out the presence of a frank ...
Antipsychotic Agents Antipsychotic drugs are able to reduce
... from the anterior pituitary. The fourth dopaminergic system—the medullary-periventricular pathway—consists of neurons in the motor nucleus of the vagus whose projections are not well defined. This system may be involved in eating behavior. The fifth pathway—the incertohypothalamic pathway—forms conn ...
... from the anterior pituitary. The fourth dopaminergic system—the medullary-periventricular pathway—consists of neurons in the motor nucleus of the vagus whose projections are not well defined. This system may be involved in eating behavior. The fifth pathway—the incertohypothalamic pathway—forms conn ...
Theranostics Polysaccharide Nanosystems for Future Progress in
... during the progression of infectious diseases via interactions with T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear lymphocytes.[17-19] This is the case of β-(1-3)-glucan. Its recognition and the subsequent receptor binding process via β-(1-3)-glucan binding proteins is the first step in medi ...
... during the progression of infectious diseases via interactions with T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear lymphocytes.[17-19] This is the case of β-(1-3)-glucan. Its recognition and the subsequent receptor binding process via β-(1-3)-glucan binding proteins is the first step in medi ...
Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences Allium sativum
... which remains underneath the soil while growing. There have been reports in Egyptian papyruses dating about 1550 BCE of the use of garlic for a variety of ailments. Hippocrates, Pliny and Aristotle also have mentioned the use of garlic for therapeutic purposes. Modern science has recognized the many ...
... which remains underneath the soil while growing. There have been reports in Egyptian papyruses dating about 1550 BCE of the use of garlic for a variety of ailments. Hippocrates, Pliny and Aristotle also have mentioned the use of garlic for therapeutic purposes. Modern science has recognized the many ...
... how the drug is handled by and distributed in the body. Clinical pharmacokinetics is the bedside application of this information, assuring that the drug is appropriately used in the treatment of a medical condition. The subject of pharmacokinetics was born in 1937 when T. Teorell published a two-par ...
IN VIVO Research Article
... WHO, “A medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for chemo-pharmaceutical semisynthesis.” There are more than 500 medicinal plants growing in our country [1]. Mimosa pudica L. is a small, ...
... WHO, “A medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for chemo-pharmaceutical semisynthesis.” There are more than 500 medicinal plants growing in our country [1]. Mimosa pudica L. is a small, ...
preventing pharmaceutical contamination of our nation`s
... designed to be fully metabolized by the body or to not persist in the environment. We found little activity in this area. Second, FDA approval processes could better consider environmental impacts. Again, there is little activity here. Third, the production of pharmaceuticals could be altered to gen ...
... designed to be fully metabolized by the body or to not persist in the environment. We found little activity in this area. Second, FDA approval processes could better consider environmental impacts. Again, there is little activity here. Third, the production of pharmaceuticals could be altered to gen ...
Benefits, adverse effects and drug interactionsof herbal
... (62). No other supporting data (63). Case report of CNS hemorrhage in patient previously stable of warfarin (97). No other supporting data (63). Case report of decreased INR in patient stable on warfarin (131). No other supporting data (63). In vitro evidence of platelet antagonism (157). Potential ...
... (62). No other supporting data (63). Case report of CNS hemorrhage in patient previously stable of warfarin (97). No other supporting data (63). Case report of decreased INR in patient stable on warfarin (131). No other supporting data (63). In vitro evidence of platelet antagonism (157). Potential ...
Pulmonary Drug Absorption
... intensity, and duration of action of the drug (Taylor G., 1990). Although inhalation is a well established means for drug administration, drug absorption kinetics in the lung has not been subjected to extensive research. Yet, investigations of the absorption rate and bioavailability of pulmonary del ...
... intensity, and duration of action of the drug (Taylor G., 1990). Although inhalation is a well established means for drug administration, drug absorption kinetics in the lung has not been subjected to extensive research. Yet, investigations of the absorption rate and bioavailability of pulmonary del ...
Liposomes in drug delivery
... through a small orifice under high pressure). In the methods described above, an amphiphilic ionizable drug which exhibits lipophilic and hydrophilic properties depending on the pH of the solution, may not be encapsulated with high efficiency because the drug molecules can diffuse in and out of the ...
... through a small orifice under high pressure). In the methods described above, an amphiphilic ionizable drug which exhibits lipophilic and hydrophilic properties depending on the pH of the solution, may not be encapsulated with high efficiency because the drug molecules can diffuse in and out of the ...
Development and Evaluation of Enteric Coated Tablet Containing
... Drug substances are most frequently administered orally by means of solid dosage forms e.g. Tablets and capsules. Tablets are solid unit dosage forms containing a medicament and excipients compressed or molded into solid cylindrical shape having either flat or convex surfaces. Tablets may be round, ...
... Drug substances are most frequently administered orally by means of solid dosage forms e.g. Tablets and capsules. Tablets are solid unit dosage forms containing a medicament and excipients compressed or molded into solid cylindrical shape having either flat or convex surfaces. Tablets may be round, ...
Are we addicted to coffee?
... 4) there is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use 5) a great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects 6) important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given ...
... 4) there is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use 5) a great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects 6) important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given ...
Drug-Coated Balloons for Coronary Artery Disease
... extensive efforts using a variety of transfer methods, several studies have demonstrated a wide variability of drug uptake and clearance of the delivered compounds, thus limiting the technical viability of these methods.10 In addition, the successful introduction of DES technologies into clinical pr ...
... extensive efforts using a variety of transfer methods, several studies have demonstrated a wide variability of drug uptake and clearance of the delivered compounds, thus limiting the technical viability of these methods.10 In addition, the successful introduction of DES technologies into clinical pr ...
In vivo and in vitro studies on drug metabolism and
... water-soluble molecules such as glucuronic acid, sulfonic acid and glutathione to other chemicals (Gonzalez & Idle 1994). Often, drugs undergo both phase I and phase II reactions sequentially, but excretion after only one metabolic reaction is also possible (Krishna & Klotz 1994). ...
... water-soluble molecules such as glucuronic acid, sulfonic acid and glutathione to other chemicals (Gonzalez & Idle 1994). Often, drugs undergo both phase I and phase II reactions sequentially, but excretion after only one metabolic reaction is also possible (Krishna & Klotz 1994). ...
Antiarrhythmic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation
... “safety first”. Therefore, it was considered as a valuable observation that in some patients, for example in those with increased risk connected with treatment, a shortterm antiarrhythmic drug therapy (4 weeks after cardioversion) can be used. It is also emphasized that the choice of the antiarrhyth ...
... “safety first”. Therefore, it was considered as a valuable observation that in some patients, for example in those with increased risk connected with treatment, a shortterm antiarrhythmic drug therapy (4 weeks after cardioversion) can be used. It is also emphasized that the choice of the antiarrhyth ...
NIZORAL 200 MG TABLETS
... When the gastric acidity is reduced, absorption of ketoconazole from ketoconazole tablets is reduced. In subjects with reduced gastric acidity, whether from disease (e.g. subjects with achlorhydria) or from concomitant medication (e.g. subjects taking drugs that reduce gastric acidity), it is advisa ...
... When the gastric acidity is reduced, absorption of ketoconazole from ketoconazole tablets is reduced. In subjects with reduced gastric acidity, whether from disease (e.g. subjects with achlorhydria) or from concomitant medication (e.g. subjects taking drugs that reduce gastric acidity), it is advisa ...
Medications in the Breast-Feeding Mother
... nursing infant for signs of hypoglycemia, such as increased fussiness or somnolence. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, such as acarbose (Precose), have low bioavailability, large molecular size and water solubility, so they are unlikely to be excreted into breast milk in clinically significant amoun ...
... nursing infant for signs of hypoglycemia, such as increased fussiness or somnolence. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, such as acarbose (Precose), have low bioavailability, large molecular size and water solubility, so they are unlikely to be excreted into breast milk in clinically significant amoun ...
Chemical synthesis of proteins
... existed for over 30 years. However, the construction of proteins has become more accessible recently because of improvements in peptide-synthesis efficiency, including the development of rapid coupling reagents and the minimization of deleterious side reactions1. The creation of protein-like molecul ...
... existed for over 30 years. However, the construction of proteins has become more accessible recently because of improvements in peptide-synthesis efficiency, including the development of rapid coupling reagents and the minimization of deleterious side reactions1. The creation of protein-like molecul ...
Drug discovery
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.