• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
l[SCHEDULE Y (See rules l22A, l22B, 122D, 122DA, 122DAA and
l[SCHEDULE Y (See rules l22A, l22B, 122D, 122DA, 122DAA and

... study report shall be certified by the Principal Investigator or, if no Principal Investigator is designated, then by each of the Investigators participating in the study. The certification should acknowledge the contents of the report, the accurate presentation of the study as undertaken, and expre ...
Biomimetic Chemistry
Biomimetic Chemistry

... Enzymatic catalysis is an aggregate of weak, non-covalent interactions that sum to a larger stabilizing effect These electrostatic forces consist of fundamental interactions that we already know and understand It is possible to devise simple (and complex) systems to imitate the stabilizing forces ...
About the Futile Dream of an Entirely Riskless and Fully
About the Futile Dream of an Entirely Riskless and Fully

... Intriguingly, the regulations in the United States and other countries like Germany allowed for ‘blind’ clinical studies on uninformed patients.13 That weak point in drug legislation lead to the circumvention of the Nuremberg medical code with its central claim of ‘informed consent’, which was compi ...
Design and Synthesis of RGD Mimetics as Potent Inhibitors of
Design and Synthesis of RGD Mimetics as Potent Inhibitors of

... rotational freedom in the constrained peptidomimetic should therefore greatly enhance its activity when compared to that of the peptide. There are several strategies for the design of peptidomimetics. In order to obtain a peptidomimetic, a combination of different strategies is often found in scient ...
BY SULTAN SULEMAN (B. Pharm)
BY SULTAN SULEMAN (B. Pharm)

... evaluated for their in vitro quality so that a base line data was developed to quote the reasons for the therapeutic failures with antiepileptic drugs from the drug quality point of view. Different brands of carbamazepine tablets and different generic products of Phenobarbital tablets marketed in Ad ...
Penicillins
Penicillins

state of oklahoma
state of oklahoma

... subsection B of Section 2-301 of this title within the parameters of such officer’s duty under Sections 501 through 508 of Title 4 of the ...
Homeopathy: The Ultimate Fake
Homeopathy: The Ultimate Fake

... involves "dilutions" that are even more far-fetched. Its "active ingredient" is prepared by incubating small amounts of a freshly killed duck's liver and heart for 40 days. The resultant solution is then filtered, freeze-dried, rehydrated, repeatedly diluted, and impregnated into sugar granules. If ...
File
File

...  limited dissolution/solubility as the oral dose increases  saturable transport across the intestinal mucosa as the oral dose increases  saturable first-pass metabolism in the intestinal epithelium (gut wall) and/or liver as the oral dose increases ...
Thiomersal - SmartPractice Denmark
Thiomersal - SmartPractice Denmark

... When purchasing products which may come in contact with your skin, check the list of ingredients for any of the names listed above. If in doubt contact your pharmacist or ...
APhA BOOKS AND ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS 2014
APhA BOOKS AND ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS 2014

... setting. This guide covers the essential information needed to become and succeed as a pharmacy preceptor for introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) and advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). ...
Impact of Cooking Procedures on Antibacterial Drug
Impact of Cooking Procedures on Antibacterial Drug

... In past, it was said sulfonamides are heat stable compounds. In recent research, it was identified residues of sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) and sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) in chicken meatball was reduced during boiling (45-61%), roasting (38-40%) and microwaving (3 ...
PSAPVII_Book4_ Pediatrics.indb
PSAPVII_Book4_ Pediatrics.indb

... about the risks, and benefits of using a drug in a child when no information on dosing, efficacy, or safety in the pediatric population was available. That lack of information was reflected by the absence of pediatric dosing information in U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved labeling, w ...
Core-Shell Type Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles as
Core-Shell Type Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles as

... The focus of nanoparticle design over the years has evolved toward more complex nanoscopic core–shell architecture using a single delivery system to combine multiple functionalities within nanoparticles. Core–shell-type lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles (CSLPHNs), which combine the mechanical advan ...
Here - iPuffVape
Here - iPuffVape

... [email protected] ...
A Thesis entitled Ohio Pharmacists` Perceptions of Over-the
A Thesis entitled Ohio Pharmacists` Perceptions of Over-the

... 1.1.5 Trends in Over-the-counter Drug Advertising Pharmaceutical manufacturers spend a substantial amount of time and money towards the development of efficient advertising strategies.23 US pharmaceutical spending on DTCA has risen tremendously from $791 million in 1996 to $4.86 billion in 2005.24 ...


... have confirmed that a "short-acting" β2-agonist, terbutaline, when administered by inhalation from a p-MDI to hyperreactive asthmatic patients, caused a transient bronchoconstriction before the onset of measurable bronchodilation. A similar degree of bronchoconstriction was observed when the excipie ...
What is the prognosis for new centrally-acting anti
What is the prognosis for new centrally-acting anti

... r5-HT2C ¼ 29 hM) that is devoid of affinity for a wide panel of other G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels (Thomsen et al., 2008). With respect to the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptor subtypes, lorcaserin has selectivity ratios of w15-fold and 100-fold, respectively (Thomsen et al., 2008). ...
Dissolution behavior of poly vinyl alcohol in water and its effect on
Dissolution behavior of poly vinyl alcohol in water and its effect on

... Presented are data from a study of the aqueous properties of Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA), a well studied emulsifying agent, used in the preparation of biodegradeable Poly (DL-Lactide-CoGlycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds/microparticles in water. How these properties affect the physical morphologies of PLGA sca ...
FINDING POTENTIALLY UNSAFE NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
FINDING POTENTIALLY UNSAFE NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS

... was recalled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration a (FDA) in November 2013 after possible links between the product and both liver failure and non-viral hepatitis were discovered. Currently in the United States, the FDA regulates both finished dietary supplement products and dietary ingredients ...
Drug Metabolism - Sigma
Drug Metabolism - Sigma

... of reactions, phase I and phase II, which differ regarding the type of modification introduced. Biotransformation is also utilized in the metabolism of many prodrugs to their active form, for example enalapril to enalaprilate. Understanding and manipulating these enzyme/proteinbased metabolic mechan ...
Read "FDA Violation of the Rule of Law"
Read "FDA Violation of the Rule of Law"

... In Federalist No. 47, James Madison argued for the rule of law over the arbitrary will of those in power, explaining that our C onstitution would define "a government of laws and not of men." The phrase, common among the founding generation, meant that there was to be no place in government for the ...
Direct and quantitative evaluation of the human CYP3A4
Direct and quantitative evaluation of the human CYP3A4

... CYP3A4 contributions were determined for 11 CYP3A4 substrates which correlated with known in vivo contributions and revealed accuracy with less than 10% error. In comparison, contributions determined using recombinant human CYP450 (rhCYP450s) were less accurate (more than 10% error for 30% of the te ...
Psilocybin - TU Darmstadt Chemie
Psilocybin - TU Darmstadt Chemie

... considered necessary for hallucinogenic effects the role of other receptor subtypes is much less understood. Psilocin binds to many different serotonin-receptors including dopamine and adrenergic receptors. Psilocybin shows a wide variety of effects: Very low doses cause drowsiness and emphasize the ...
Chapter 15 Antiepileptic Drugs
Chapter 15 Antiepileptic Drugs

... Bone marrow hypoplasia Gingival Hyperplasia(齿龈增生)occur to some degree in most patient. ...
< 1 ... 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ... 707 >

Drug discovery



In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report