• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Week 8 Lesson Plan Science 8 all classes
Week 8 Lesson Plan Science 8 all classes

... chemical reactions indicate that new substances with different properties are formed. PSAT 8 Testing in the morning. ...
Depressant Drugs
Depressant Drugs

... they cause hypnotic effects, that is, they induce sleep. Because of this effect, these drugs have also been called sleeping pills. Their primary effect is to depress or slow down central nervous system activity, resulting in slowed body and mental functions. Depressant drugs can cause effects closel ...
Catalyst™: Building Hypotheses and Searching Databases
Catalyst™: Building Hypotheses and Searching Databases

... Managing Databases: Coping with extremely large numbers. • Are scientists going to manage in the new world without an in depth knowledge of mathematics and statistics? • Are we training scientists to cope with tools such as, cluster analysis, discriminate analysis, cross validation techniques, neur ...
Unpacking Outcomes
Unpacking Outcomes

... belong within each category, and the risks and cautions associated with each category. Explore local knowledge of properties of matter and traditional uses of substances, including medicines. Share personal understandings about physical and chemical properties of matter. Investigate common materials ...
Statement bv the American Medical Women’s
Statement bv the American Medical Women’s

... heart disease risk and certain margarine products to reduce cholesterol elevations associated with increased heart disease risk. We also recommend over-the-counter drug product use to prevent or treat symptomatic conditions, whether or not the patient is experiencing active and current symptoms wher ...
View
View

... of the pharmacy cost spectrum to see how costs can be reduced by promoting lower cost over-thecounter (OTC) drugs. The FDA has set a goal to increase by 50 percent the conversion of prescriptions to over the counter (OTC) medications. This trend presents a significant opportunity for employers, unio ...
Diapositive 1
Diapositive 1

... microtubules, it is incapable of going through the whole cell cycle, and so the cell ultimately dies. Paclitaxel is currently undergoing clinical trials for treatment of lung, head, neck, and gastrointestinal cancers. A semisynthetic analogue called docetaxel (generic name for Taxotere), developed b ...
Street Drugs
Street Drugs

... listed with the Federal Drug Enforcement Agency as Schedule I. State laws have decriminalized marijuana for use by individuals in varying degrees. There is high risk of dependence on this drug, along with potential for interaction with other drugs. Some users may use cannabis to counteract the effec ...
Bioactive Drugs - Oregon State University
Bioactive Drugs - Oregon State University

... Many of the most useful bioactive chemicals-those that exert effects upon the physiology of organisms-have been isolated from plants, and many of these have been identified as alkaloids. Alkaloids are organic compounds containing rings of nitrogen, and as their name implies, they are alkaline, or ba ...
Document
Document

... rare. Risk factors of TdP include female sex, advanced age, underlying heart disease, electrolyte imbalance, concomitant drug use that prolongs the QTc interval, severe bradycardia and presence of other diseases. This patient didn’t have previous underlying heart disease, in addition, hyponatremia m ...
Section 2–1 The Nature of Matter
Section 2–1 The Nature of Matter

... You can often increase your understanding of what you’ve read by making comparisons. A compare-and-contrast table helps you to do this. On a separate sheet of paper, make a table to compare the four groups of organic compounds you read about in Section 2–3. You might use the heads Elements, Function ...
博士班資格考各科目之參考書目與考試範圍
博士班資格考各科目之參考書目與考試範圍

... (U1) Smith, J. M.; Van Ness, H. C.; Abbott, M. M., “Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics,” 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York (2001). (U2) Sandler, S. I., “Chemical and Engineering Thermodynamics,” 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY (1999). * 研究所 (Graduate level) (G1) Prau ...
journal - Breining Institute
journal - Breining Institute

... tar, heroin has such a high availability and low price that it is now even easier for dealers to dilute their products. According to law enforcement2, adulterants are added to heroin in order to increase volume, some of which are benign but many of which are quite harmful. And while heroin is still ...
here - National Medicinal Chemistry Symposium
here - National Medicinal Chemistry Symposium

... compound structure to increase in vivo unbound drug concentration. Theoretical analyses and  experimental observations will be presented to illustrate that low plasma protein binding does  not necessarily lead to high in vivo unbound plasma concentration. Similarly, low brain tissue  binding does no ...
| Barriers to new drug development in respiratory disease Peter J. Barnes
| Barriers to new drug development in respiratory disease Peter J. Barnes

... chemical entities each year in order to grow and this is almost impossible to achieve with current rates of attrition. For example, GSK, a major player in the respiratory field with revenues in excess of $32 billion per annum in 2003, would need to develop approximately six high-quality new chemical ...
Shoppers Drug Mart discovers energy savings in
Shoppers Drug Mart discovers energy savings in

... to upgrade their refrigeration equipment. “This national refrigeration initiative will compliment Shoppers Drug Mart’s standing mission for improvement in building operation and already active history of working with Power Smart,” says Qurashi. The Power Smart Commercial Refrigeration Program promot ...
Addex Pharmaceuticals
Addex Pharmaceuticals

... – Clear path to market for this mechanism  PD-LID is recognized by FDA as a distinct indication with unmet medical need  Potential for rapid path to market (fewer patients, shorter trials than in PD) – Potential market size of over $1 billion (Datamonitor analysis) ...
11am_Beyer_Prescription-Drug-Cost-Utilization-and
11am_Beyer_Prescription-Drug-Cost-Utilization-and

... Additional data collection is required for coverage so that either (a) more thorough analysis of a health intervention can be conducted at a later time or (b) claimed cost savings can be validated in the real world. ...
Chapter 1 Student Notes
Chapter 1 Student Notes

... see page 67 Problems 35-40 for additional practice ...
Drug/Nutrients Interaction in Neoplastic Patients Requiring
Drug/Nutrients Interaction in Neoplastic Patients Requiring

... not only for transient nutritional support but also for patients with advanced cancer for whom no other means are available for maintaining nutritional status. [9, 10, 11, 12]. Contemporary administration of several drugs to control cancer symptoms and/or treat comorbidities represents a very freque ...
Chemistry in Biology
Chemistry in Biology

...  The number and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the protein’s primary structure.  After an amino acid chain is formed, it folds into a unique three-dimensional shape, which is the protein’s secondary structure, such as a helix or a pleat. ...
What are some other side effects of this drug?
What are some other side effects of this drug?

... • Tell dentists, surgeons, and other doctors that you use this drug. • Wear disease medical alert ID (identification). • Do not run out of this drug. • If you have a weak heart, talk with your doctor. • Have your blood pressure and heart rate checked often. Talk with your doctor. • If you are takin ...
Drug Induced Phospholipidosis and Steatosis
Drug Induced Phospholipidosis and Steatosis

... disorder characterised by excessive accumulation of intracellular phospholipids in tissues, such as the liver, kidney and lung. It is well established1 that a number of cationic amphiphilic drugs have the potential to induce phospholipidosis. These include antibacterials, antipsychotics, antidepress ...
AP Psychology Unit Five Curriculum Map
AP Psychology Unit Five Curriculum Map

... Overview and Enduring Understandings Overview: Understanding consciousness and what it encompasses is critical to an appreciation of what is meant by ...
File
File

... 1. Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms. 2. All atoms of a given element are identical. 3. The atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element. 4. Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other elements to form compounds. A given compound always has the same ...
< 1 ... 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 ... 707 >

Drug discovery



In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report