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AP Chemistry Summer Study Guide
AP Chemistry Summer Study Guide

... Dipole-Dipole: Permanent IMF present in polar molecules Direct Relationship: Relationship between two variables where when one changes, the other changes in the same manner Dissociate: To break into ions Dissolve: To break into smaller pieces Distillation: Process of separating liquids based on diff ...
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... Hence, we conclude that in excited states of helium the spin singlet state has a higher energy than the spin triplet state. Incidentally, helium in the spin singlet state is known as para-helium, whereas helium in the triplet state is called ortho-helium. As we have seen, for the ground state, only ...
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Chapter 9 – Many Electron Atoms
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... All  permutations  can  be  written  as  a  product  of  transpositions   p = TijTklTmj ....  either  odd  or  even.   Hence  action  of  all   Tij  determines  action  of   P  for  any  permutation.   ...
Ms - cloudfront.net
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Atomic Emission Spectra, Electron Configuration, Periodicity
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... a) 1s22s22p63s23p44s1 – the 3p orbitals were not completely filled before electrons were added to 4s (violating the Aufbau principle). The correct configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p5 b) 1s22s22p63s23p7 – the maximum number of electrons in 3p is 6 (violating the Pauli exclusion principle). The correct c ...
Chemistry 2011-2012
Chemistry 2011-2012

... SC1a. Relate the role of nuclear fusion in producing essentially all elements heavier than helium. SC1b. Identify substances based on chemical and physical properties. SC2 Students will relate how the Law of Conservation of Matter is used to determine chemical composition in compounds and chemical r ...
Answers to Critical Thinking Questions 4
Answers to Critical Thinking Questions 4

... The 2s has one radial node and the 3s has two radial nodes. 3p have one radial node. In general, the number of radial nodes is equal to n – l - 1. ...
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Chem 1A Objectives and Skills Checklists
Chem 1A Objectives and Skills Checklists

< 1 ... 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 ... 137 >

Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is made up of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are very small; typical sizes are around 100 pm (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale). However, atoms do not have well defined boundaries, and there are different ways to define their size which give different but close values.Atoms are small enough that classical physics give noticeably incorrect results. Through the development of physics, atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict the behavior.Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons (none in hydrogen-1). Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. Over 99.94% of the atom's mass is in the nucleus. The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge, respectively, and it is called an ion.Electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force. The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force, the nuclear force, which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another. Under certain circumstances the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force, and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus, leaving behind a different element: nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation.The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs: for example, all copper atoms contain 29 protons. The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element. The number of electrons influences the magnetic properties of an atom. Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules. The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature, and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry.Not all the matter of the universe is composed of atoms. Dark matter comprises more of the Universe than matter, and is composed not of atoms, but of particles of a currently unknown type.
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