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Central Banks and Democracy
Central Banks and Democracy

The Fundamental Principles of Financial Regulation
The Fundamental Principles of Financial Regulation

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The Crisis Aftermath: New Regulatory Paradigms

... One of the ways in which CEPR responded to the global financial crisis in early 2009 was to quickly establish a project on ‘Financial Stability and Regulation’. At that time, in the aftermath of the Lehman Brothers debacle when the world was pretty much still in a state of shock, there was no clear- ...
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... a consequence, adequate measures of central bank independence should be based on informal rules and practices rather than solely on legal codes. This critique led to a second strand of the literature, which is concerned with developing indices of actual central bank independence. Cukierman (1992) pr ...
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2 MB

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Fractional-reserve banking

Fractional-reserve banking is the practice whereby a bank accepts deposits, and holds reserves that are a fraction of the amount of its deposit liabilities. Reserves are held at the bank as currency, or as deposits in the bank's accounts at the central bank. Fractional-reserve banking is the current form of banking practiced in most countries worldwide.Fractional-reserve banking allows banks to act as financial intermediaries between borrowers and savers, and to provide longer-term loans to borrowers while providing immediate liquidity to depositors (providing the function of maturity transformation). However, a bank can experience a bank run if depositors wish to withdraw more funds than the reserves held by the bank. To mitigate the risks of bank runs and systemic crises (when problems are extreme and widespread), governments of most countries regulate and oversee commercial banks, provide deposit insurance and act as lender of last resort to commercial banks.Because bank deposits are usually considered money in their own right, and because banks hold reserves that are less than their deposit liabilities, fractional-reserve banking permits the money supply to grow beyond the amount of the underlying reserves of base money originally created by the central bank. In most countries, the central bank (or other monetary authority) regulates bank credit creation, imposing reserve requirements and capital adequacy ratios. This can limit the amount of money creation that occurs in the commercial banking system, and helps to ensure that banks are solvent and have enough funds to meet demand for withdrawals. However, rather than directly controlling the money supply, central banks usually pursue an interest rate target to control inflation and bank issuance of credit.
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