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Checking for normality for a random sample. • Suppose that (X 1
Checking for normality for a random sample. • Suppose that (X 1

... • Example 1. Download the data file http://www3.nccu.edu.tw/~tmhuang/teaching/statistics/data/test.txt and then check the normality for the second column using a normalized histogram. Save the data file ”test.txt” in C:\temp. Use y <- read.table("C:\\temp\\test.txt", sep=",") x <- y[,2] to read the ...
Department of Curriculum and Instruction Course Syllabus
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... interpreting the mean as ”a typical sample”, equivalent to the median, is incorrect. As illustrated in this case, bla-bla-bla may be indicative of data points that belong to a different population than the rest of the sample set. 3. (5 points) Officials of a small transit system with only five buses ...
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... 2. A(n) ____________________ is based on our sample statistic; it conveys the range of sample statistics we could expect if we conducted repeated hypothesis tests using samples from the same population. a) interval estimate b) point estimate c) coefficient of determination d) estimated standard erro ...
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Significance Tests - University of Florida

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... Error Types • Probability of a Type I Error: a-Level (significance level) • Probability of a Type II Error: b - depends on the true level of the parameter (in the range of values under Ha ). • For a given sample size, and variability in data, the Type I and Type II error rates are inversely related ...
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SP17 Lecture Notes 7b - Inference for a Difference in Means

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... Estimates generated from sample data come with a margin of error, but if an observed difference between two sample estimates (e.g. rates for metropolitan Adelaide vs. Country SA) is large enough, then that difference is said to be statistically significantly different. Exactly how large the differen ...
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Intro_Statistics

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... Since degrees of freedom is not known at this stage, the value of t for n → ∞ is used to estimate n. ...
Chapters 20
Chapters 20

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Misuse of statistics

Statistics are supposed to make something easier to understand but when used in a misleading fashion can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows. That is, a misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others, it is purposeful and for the gain of the perpetrator. When the statistical reason involved is false or misapplied, this constitutes a statistical fallacy.The false statistics trap can be quite damaging to the quest for knowledge. For example, in medical science, correcting a falsehood may take decades and cost lives.Misuses can be easy to fall into. Professional scientists, even mathematicians and professional statisticians, can be fooled by even some simple methods, even if they are careful to check everything. Scientists have been known to fool themselves with statistics due to lack of knowledge of probability theory and lack of standardization of their tests.
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