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Electron Compounds
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... 1. Found in nucleus 2. Positive charge 3. The atomic number is the number of protons B. Neutrons 1. Found in nucleus 2. No charge 3. Can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic weight C. Electrons 1. Found outside of nucleus in “shells” 2. Have a negative charge 3. Valence electron ...


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... heat capacity is usually linked to the density (kg/m3) of the material. The heat capacity is usually found in the textbooks a specific heat capacity Cp (J/K.kg), which must be multiplied by the density to get the full picture. C =  * Cp When dynamic processes are involved, the change of temperatu ...
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... 4) What is energy, who first described it, and what is difficult about heat? => The term energy was used first by Thomas Young in 1807. According to him, energy was the product of the mass or weight of a body into the square of the number expressing its velocity. Energy is the physical quantity tha ...
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... In practice, the efficiency is always less than ideal because of friction (mostly.) Gasoline engine actual efficiency = 10-15% Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, Heat Pumps are “heat engines in reverse”. Instead of moving thermal energy around to output work (motion), we put in the work (a motor drive ...
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Heat transfer physics



Heat transfer physics describes the kinetics of energy storage, transport, and transformation by principal energy carriers: phonons (lattice vibration waves), electrons, fluid particles, and photons. Heat is energy stored in temperature-dependent motion of particles including electrons, atomic nuclei, individual atoms, and molecules. Heat is transferred to and from matter by the principal energy carriers. The state of energy stored within matter, or transported by the carriers, is described by a combination of classical and quantum statistical mechanics. The energy is also transformed (converted) among various carriers.The heat transfer processes (or kinetics) are governed by the rates at which various related physical phenomena occur, such as (for example) the rate of particle collisions in classical mechanics. These various states and kinetics determine the heat transfer, i.e., the net rate of energy storage or transport. Governing these process from the atomic level (atom or molecule length scale) to macroscale are the laws of thermodynamics, including conservation of energy.
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