... In this dissertation we address the issue of understanding the phenomenon of human emotions. To do so we pose the question of how we can construct biologically plausible embodied models of emotions. The motivation to ask this question is based on our strong belief that we can understand the nature o ...
6.12 Dorsal and Ventral Streams in the Sense of Touch
... The ventral stream – transmitted through the inferotemporal cortex – is the putative ‘what’ pathway. These cortical areas analyze the visual signals to derive cognitive information about the size, shape, and color of the stimulus. These intrinsic properties allow us to recognize such stimuli as dist ...
... The ventral stream – transmitted through the inferotemporal cortex – is the putative ‘what’ pathway. These cortical areas analyze the visual signals to derive cognitive information about the size, shape, and color of the stimulus. These intrinsic properties allow us to recognize such stimuli as dist ...
Atonia-Related Regions in the Rodent Pons and Medulla
... reticular formation inhibits muscle tone in cats. In this report, we present an analysis of the anatomical distribution of atonia-inducing stimulation sites in the brain stem of the rat. Muscle atonia could be elicited by electrical stimulation of the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis in ...
... reticular formation inhibits muscle tone in cats. In this report, we present an analysis of the anatomical distribution of atonia-inducing stimulation sites in the brain stem of the rat. Muscle atonia could be elicited by electrical stimulation of the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis in ...
High reward expectancy during methylphenidate depresses the
... other systems beyond the striatum that modulate striatal activity and are themselves modulated by dopaminergic manipulations. In our gambling paradigm (Camara et al., 2010), participants chose between two levels of reward amplitude on each trial. Although this choice induced reward expectancy, at fe ...
... other systems beyond the striatum that modulate striatal activity and are themselves modulated by dopaminergic manipulations. In our gambling paradigm (Camara et al., 2010), participants chose between two levels of reward amplitude on each trial. Although this choice induced reward expectancy, at fe ...
Contextual modulation and stimulus selectivity in extrastriate cortex
... of V1 outputs into stimulus selectivity in the middle temporal (MT) area is also relatively well-understood (Born & Bradley, 2005). By leveraging the large body of existing literature on these topics, we can examine quantitatively the function of contextual modulation in motion processing. Fig. 3 il ...
... of V1 outputs into stimulus selectivity in the middle temporal (MT) area is also relatively well-understood (Born & Bradley, 2005). By leveraging the large body of existing literature on these topics, we can examine quantitatively the function of contextual modulation in motion processing. Fig. 3 il ...
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... state than it does after being on that state several times and therefore having had the opportunity to learn the consequences of its actions on that state. Most experiments in psychology and neuroscience involve only deterministic contingencies. Hence, instead of having a function T as above, it is ...
... state than it does after being on that state several times and therefore having had the opportunity to learn the consequences of its actions on that state. Most experiments in psychology and neuroscience involve only deterministic contingencies. Hence, instead of having a function T as above, it is ...
Study Objectives
... 4. Identify and briefly describe experimental approaches used to examine cerebral lateralization in humans. 5. Describe Sperry's and Gazzaniga's work with split-brain patients. What did their results reveal about the functions of the two cerebral hemispheres? 6. Define aphasia and list at least thr ...
... 4. Identify and briefly describe experimental approaches used to examine cerebral lateralization in humans. 5. Describe Sperry's and Gazzaniga's work with split-brain patients. What did their results reveal about the functions of the two cerebral hemispheres? 6. Define aphasia and list at least thr ...
Webb et al 2002 - User Web Areas at the University of York
... How does feedback from V1 and extraclassical stimulation modulate the activity of LGN neurons? To investigate the influence that feedback from the striate cortex has over extraclassical interactions in the LGN, we measured the modulated response of LGN neurons to gratings of a range of different con ...
... How does feedback from V1 and extraclassical stimulation modulate the activity of LGN neurons? To investigate the influence that feedback from the striate cortex has over extraclassical interactions in the LGN, we measured the modulated response of LGN neurons to gratings of a range of different con ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... Figure 3 | Neuronal activity in primate striatum and orbitofrontal cortex related to the expectation of reward. a | Activity in a putamen neuron during a delayed go–no go task in which an initial cue instructs the monkey to produce or withhold a reaching movement following a trigger stimulus. The in ...
... Figure 3 | Neuronal activity in primate striatum and orbitofrontal cortex related to the expectation of reward. a | Activity in a putamen neuron during a delayed go–no go task in which an initial cue instructs the monkey to produce or withhold a reaching movement following a trigger stimulus. The in ...
The Inferior Parietal Lobule Is the Target of Output from the Superior
... This work was supported by the Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service (P.L.S.) and by United States Public Health Service Grant MH56661 (P.L.S.) and the Joe Weinberg Research Fund (J.C.L.). We thank M. Page for the development of computer programs and K. Hughes and M. O’Malley-Davis for their exp ...
... This work was supported by the Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service (P.L.S.) and by United States Public Health Service Grant MH56661 (P.L.S.) and the Joe Weinberg Research Fund (J.C.L.). We thank M. Page for the development of computer programs and K. Hughes and M. O’Malley-Davis for their exp ...
Visual and oculomotor selection: links, causes and
... correlational data from these experiments cannot rule out the alternative view that these are parallel but distinct systems that tend to act in concert. Several recent studies have begun to tackle this problem by perturbing neural signals within oculomotor structures with electrical microstimulation ...
... correlational data from these experiments cannot rule out the alternative view that these are parallel but distinct systems that tend to act in concert. Several recent studies have begun to tackle this problem by perturbing neural signals within oculomotor structures with electrical microstimulation ...
Mapping of second order olfactory neurons and ventral
... Detection of chemical stimuli from the external environment is performed by all living organisms. Of all senses, the chemical sense is the evolutionary oldest. Also, the neural system devoted to process chemosensory information is strikingly well conserved across the different species, in particular ...
... Detection of chemical stimuli from the external environment is performed by all living organisms. Of all senses, the chemical sense is the evolutionary oldest. Also, the neural system devoted to process chemosensory information is strikingly well conserved across the different species, in particular ...
Stop-Signal Task - Gemstone Honors Program
... neurotransmitters has been established through previous research; however, its impact on neural firing in relation to impulsivity is yet unexamined. Neural firing in a specific brain region during a task demonstrates that the region is involved in regulating the response. Validating the fetal nicoti ...
... neurotransmitters has been established through previous research; however, its impact on neural firing in relation to impulsivity is yet unexamined. Neural firing in a specific brain region during a task demonstrates that the region is involved in regulating the response. Validating the fetal nicoti ...
White matter tract alterations in fragile X
... and targeting of axons that link affected brain regions. This, in turn, could influence white matter density and coherence between these areas. To investigate the structure of white matter tracts in fragile X syndrome we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a recently developed magnetic resonance (M ...
... and targeting of axons that link affected brain regions. This, in turn, could influence white matter density and coherence between these areas. To investigate the structure of white matter tracts in fragile X syndrome we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a recently developed magnetic resonance (M ...
Enhanced Perceptual Functioning in Autism
... favored, at the time, an imbalance, possibly compensatory and adaptive, between complex, high level and simple, perceptual processes. However, the variety of suspected mechanisms revealed our profound ignorance of the ‘‘cause’’ for EPF. The sources for the original version of EPF were linked to sava ...
... favored, at the time, an imbalance, possibly compensatory and adaptive, between complex, high level and simple, perceptual processes. However, the variety of suspected mechanisms revealed our profound ignorance of the ‘‘cause’’ for EPF. The sources for the original version of EPF were linked to sava ...
Parallel basal ganglia circuits for voluntary and
... everyday behaviours spontaneously (Laplane and Baulac, 1984; Caplan et al., 1990). Patients with Parkinson’s disease may be less motivated in achieving goals and may also show symptoms of depression (Pluck and Brown, 2002). These observations, as well as many others not described here, suggest that ...
... everyday behaviours spontaneously (Laplane and Baulac, 1984; Caplan et al., 1990). Patients with Parkinson’s disease may be less motivated in achieving goals and may also show symptoms of depression (Pluck and Brown, 2002). These observations, as well as many others not described here, suggest that ...
How microglia kill neurons
... the finding that ‘resting’ microglia in the healthy brain have highly mobile and active processes, and that they have a variety of physiological activities such as synaptic pruning (Paolicelli et al., 2011). However, this is not a criticism of the classification system, but rather that the name used i ...
... the finding that ‘resting’ microglia in the healthy brain have highly mobile and active processes, and that they have a variety of physiological activities such as synaptic pruning (Paolicelli et al., 2011). However, this is not a criticism of the classification system, but rather that the name used i ...
Slides - Translational Neuromodeling Unit
... 1) molecular interactions (tissue properties) (T2) 2) local inhomogeneities of the magnetic field • The combined time constant is called T2*. • fMRI uses acquisition techniques (e.g. EPI) that are sensitive to changes in T2*. The general principle of MRI: – excite spins in static field by RF pulses ...
... 1) molecular interactions (tissue properties) (T2) 2) local inhomogeneities of the magnetic field • The combined time constant is called T2*. • fMRI uses acquisition techniques (e.g. EPI) that are sensitive to changes in T2*. The general principle of MRI: – excite spins in static field by RF pulses ...
General Cortical and Special Prefrontal Connections: Principles
... That the cortex is organized into functional units was a seminal idea (Lorente de Nó 1938) formalized with discoveries of functional repeated columns in the primary somatosensory and visual cortices (Hubel & Wiesel 1968, Mountcastle 1957; reviewed in Callaway 1998, DeFelipe 2002, Mountcastle 1997). ...
... That the cortex is organized into functional units was a seminal idea (Lorente de Nó 1938) formalized with discoveries of functional repeated columns in the primary somatosensory and visual cortices (Hubel & Wiesel 1968, Mountcastle 1957; reviewed in Callaway 1998, DeFelipe 2002, Mountcastle 1997). ...
Methamphetamine Users in Sustained Abstinence
... cover with prolonged abstinence.16,20-25 A series of positron emission tomography studies have tracked neuronal changes as a function of methamphetamine abstinence in human methamphetamine users. In 1 of the first positron emission tomography studies, McCann et al21 reported striatal dopamine trans ...
... cover with prolonged abstinence.16,20-25 A series of positron emission tomography studies have tracked neuronal changes as a function of methamphetamine abstinence in human methamphetamine users. In 1 of the first positron emission tomography studies, McCann et al21 reported striatal dopamine trans ...
Neuron
... Exploration of the visual environment is achieved in discrete steps wherein a rapid eye movement called saccade sequentially brings an object in the visual scene onto the fovea (the highest-acuity retinal region). A number of brain regions have been implicated in the control of saccadic eye movement ...
... Exploration of the visual environment is achieved in discrete steps wherein a rapid eye movement called saccade sequentially brings an object in the visual scene onto the fovea (the highest-acuity retinal region). A number of brain regions have been implicated in the control of saccadic eye movement ...
Representation of Number in Animals and Humans: A Neural Model
... numerosity x also react somewhat weaker to numerosities x 1 and x + 1, still somewhat weaker to x 2 and x + 2 and so on. This property can account for the distance effect, because if numbers are farther apart, this will lead to less overlap in the distribution of activation and thus to better di ...
... numerosity x also react somewhat weaker to numerosities x 1 and x + 1, still somewhat weaker to x 2 and x + 2 and so on. This property can account for the distance effect, because if numbers are farther apart, this will lead to less overlap in the distribution of activation and thus to better di ...
Rule-Selection and Action-Selection have a Shared
... frontal regions in tasks of cognitive control (Duncan and Owen 2000; Duncan 2006); similar properties of parietal and prefrontal neurons in tasks of working memory and cognitive control (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998, 2000; Nieder and Miller 2004; Stoet and Snyder 2004); and the reciprocal interacti ...
... frontal regions in tasks of cognitive control (Duncan and Owen 2000; Duncan 2006); similar properties of parietal and prefrontal neurons in tasks of working memory and cognitive control (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998, 2000; Nieder and Miller 2004; Stoet and Snyder 2004); and the reciprocal interacti ...
Caudo‐rostral brain spreading of α‐synuclein through vagal
... A,B. Representative MO sections from a high expressor rat killed at 2 weeks post viral injection were stained for ha-syn. Caudo-rostral sections at corresponding Bregma levels were visualized at lower (A) and higher (B) magnification. The nucleus ambiguus (arrow) is visible in the section at Bregma ...
... A,B. Representative MO sections from a high expressor rat killed at 2 weeks post viral injection were stained for ha-syn. Caudo-rostral sections at corresponding Bregma levels were visualized at lower (A) and higher (B) magnification. The nucleus ambiguus (arrow) is visible in the section at Bregma ...
Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both psychology and neuroscience, overlapping with disciplines such as physiological psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neuropsychology, and computational modeling.Due to its multidisciplinary nature, cognitive neuroscientists may have various backgrounds. Other than the associated disciplines just mentioned, cognitive neuroscientists may have backgrounds in neurobiology, bioengineering, psychiatry, neurology, physics, computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and mathematics.Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental paradigms from psychophysics and cognitive psychology, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, cognitive genomics, and behavioral genetics. Studies of patients with cognitive deficits due to brain lesions constitute an important aspect of cognitive neuroscience. Theoretical approaches include computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology.Cognitive neuroscience can look at the effects of damage to the brain and subsequent changes in the thought processes due to changes in neural circuitry resulting from the ensued damage. Also, cognitive abilities based on brain development is studied and examined under the subfield of developmental cognitive neuroscience.