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What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the
What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the

... Figure 1. Neural responses in both rat and human OFC during reversal learning signal expectations of a subsequent reward outcome. A, Illustration of generic discrimination reversal task in which the subject is presented with two stimuli and on each trial gets to choose one. One of the stimuli, if ch ...
review - NYU Psychology
review - NYU Psychology

Temporal fate specification and neural progenitor competence
Temporal fate specification and neural progenitor competence

... the mature CNS11. Hb is expressed in a deep neuronal layer, Pdm in an intermediate layer and Cas in a more superficial layer. Subsequently, it was shown that most neuroblasts sequentially express Hb, the zinc-finger transcription factor Kruppel (Kr), Pdm and Cas as they undergo multiple rounds of ce ...
Altered neural reward and loss processing and
Altered neural reward and loss processing and

... monetary losses and not primary punishments such as painful stimulation (e.g. Diener et al., 2009a,b; Kuehner et al., 2011) or aversive taste (e.g. McCabe et al., 2012). In addition, monetary loss constitutes a punishment by removal of an appetitive stimulus (type II punishment) and not a direct (ty ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model

... movements in response to inedible or distasteful objects taken into the buccal cavity (Morton and Chiel 1993a). During rejection, the two halves of the radula are closed as the odontophore protracts toward the mouth and they are open as the odontophore retracts, which ejects the inedible object from ...
Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working
Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working

Neural Interaction in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex. Dependence on
Neural Interaction in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex. Dependence on

... 11. During the middle of the second postnatal week, and continuing up to 50 postnatal days, the correlation coefficients for unilateral excitation cases were quite high. The mean value was 0.27 (with individual values up to 0.4) and thereafter decreased steadily with age. In fact, correlation coeffi ...
Cognon Neural Model Software Verification and
Cognon Neural Model Software Verification and

... terconnected networks of biological neurons can rapidly learn, store and recognize patterns using neural spikes. Numerous models have been proposed to explain this [14], but few have progressed to a stage of hardware implementation while retaining the essential biological character of neurons. The p ...
The neural correlates of implicit and explicit sequence learning
The neural correlates of implicit and explicit sequence learning

... behavioral paradigm that makes it possible to separately assess conscious and unconscious contributions to performance during a subsequent sequence generation task. To manipulate the extent to which the repeating sequential pattern was learned explicitly, we varied the pace of the choice reaction ti ...
Complete volume in PDF
Complete volume in PDF

... This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplicat ...
Cortical Algorithms for Perceptual Grouping
Cortical Algorithms for Perceptual Grouping

... A fundamental task of vision is to group the image elements that belong to one object and to segregate them from other objects and the background. This review provides a conceptual framework of how perceptual grouping may be implemented in the visual cortex. According to this framework, two mechanis ...
Dissertation 20161009 Text Citations
Dissertation 20161009 Text Citations

... emotional expressions. Alternatively, Valentine (1991) proposed the “multi-dimensional face space model,” which suggests that the response in the amygdala is a function of geometric distance from an average face (Mattavelli, Andrews, Asghar, Towler, & Young, 2012). Thus, as face dimensions become in ...
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex

... the spherical basis functions and allow for the shape of the receptive field to depend on sound intensity. Similarly, the nonlinear dependence of mean latency on intensity is provided by introduction of the final term exp{ξi j η} in equation (1). Constrained optimization techniques were used to fit ...
An Integrate-and-fire Model of Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity during Performance of Goal-directed
An Integrate-and-fire Model of Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity during Performance of Goal-directed

... experiments by Schultz et al.. In these experiments, an initial visual stimulus indicates one of three possible trials (Fig. 1A): (i) rewarded movement stimulus (Srm), whereby reward is given if the monkey presses a key; (ii) rewarded non-movement stimulus (Srnm), whereby reward is given if the monk ...
Visual Object Recognition: Do We Know More Now Than We Did 20
Visual Object Recognition: Do We Know More Now Than We Did 20

... scene. Event-related potentials (ERPs) measured during performance of this task reveal, approximately 150 ms after stimulus onset, a significant difference between the neural responses for trials in which there is an animal and trials in which there is not. Such data indicate that the primate visual ...
Implications on visual apperception: energy, duration
Implications on visual apperception: energy, duration

... levels that is provided by complex neural structures. At the end, the brain can perceive these signals consciously. Nonlinear dynamic biochemical networks in living systems are far from thermal equilibrium (Qian and Beard, 2005) that make possible to pick up extreme weak different information from t ...
Separating value from choice: delay discounting activity in the lateral
Separating value from choice: delay discounting activity in the lateral

Responses of primate frontal cortex neurons during natural vocal
Responses of primate frontal cortex neurons during natural vocal

Pierre Berthet Computational Modeling of the Basal Ganglia – Functional Pathways
Pierre Berthet Computational Modeling of the Basal Ganglia – Functional Pathways

... motor outputs. The work of this thesis concerns how the brain selects actions given the information about the perceived state of the world and how it learns and adapts these selections to changes in this environment. This learning is believed to depend on the outcome of the performed actions in the ...
Total Wiring Length Minimization of C. elegans Neural
Total Wiring Length Minimization of C. elegans Neural

... Depending on the function they perform in the body of the worm, neurons can be divided into three groups: motor neurons, sensory neurons and interneurons. The cells from the first group project their axons on muscles of the C. elegans and therefore control the movement of the worm. Sensory neurons h ...
Placing prediction into the fear circuit
Placing prediction into the fear circuit

... that is made across successive moments in time, t versus t1 (hence the name, temporal difference learning). The essence of the TD rule is that learning is directly driven by moments of surprise, which are defined as moments when either the actual or expected US intensity (or the sum of both) exceed ...
Integrating Top-Down and Bottom
Integrating Top-Down and Bottom

... crucial role in the processing of input stimuli. Not much is known about the neural mechanisms underlying these effects. Here we investigate a physiologically inspired model of two reciprocally connected cortical areas. Each area receives bottom-up as well as top-down information. This information i ...
Resonance Effect for Neural Spike Time Reliability
Resonance Effect for Neural Spike Time Reliability

Mapping Function Onto Neuronal Morphology
Mapping Function Onto Neuronal Morphology

... Neurons receive incoming synapses on dendritic trees that are often intricate branching patterns encompassing distinct subdomains (such as basal and apical dendrites in cortical pyramidal neurons). The dendritic morphologies can vary greatly between different classes of neurons, in length, arborizat ...
Intelligent Information Retrieval and Web Search
Intelligent Information Retrieval and Web Search

... – The log of the probability predicted by the model that a gliteral has the correct truth value given in the data. – Averaged over all test gliterals. ...
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Recurrent neural network

A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a class of artificial neural network where connections between units form a directed cycle. This creates an internal state of the network which allows it to exhibit dynamic temporal behavior. Unlike feedforward neural networks, RNNs can use their internal memory to process arbitrary sequences of inputs. This makes them applicable to tasks such as unsegmented connected handwriting recognition or speech recognition
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