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... Cell body-nucleus and mitochondria Axon-sends info away from cell body Dendrites-collect and transport stimuli Myelin sheath-fatty insulation to increase rate on impulse transmission ( white vs gray matter) – Neurilemma-external covering of schwann cells – Nodes of ranvier-uninsulated gap between sc ...
... Cell body-nucleus and mitochondria Axon-sends info away from cell body Dendrites-collect and transport stimuli Myelin sheath-fatty insulation to increase rate on impulse transmission ( white vs gray matter) – Neurilemma-external covering of schwann cells – Nodes of ranvier-uninsulated gap between sc ...
BIo 218 Lecture Outline Tortora Ch18
... integrating center for spinal reflexes (the brain stem is the integrating center for cranial reflexes). ii. Reflexes are fast, predictable, automatic responses to changes in the environment that help maintain homeostasis: a. somatic reflexes involve contraction of skeletal muscles b. autonomic (visc ...
... integrating center for spinal reflexes (the brain stem is the integrating center for cranial reflexes). ii. Reflexes are fast, predictable, automatic responses to changes in the environment that help maintain homeostasis: a. somatic reflexes involve contraction of skeletal muscles b. autonomic (visc ...
Involvement of the Caudal Medulla in Negative Feedback
... Gall, Olivier, Didier Bouhassira, Djamel Chitour, and Daniel Le Bars. Involvement of the caudal medulla in negative feedback mechanisms triggered by spatial summation of nociceptive inputs. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 304–311, 1998. In the rat, applying noxious heat stimuli to the excitatory receptive fiel ...
... Gall, Olivier, Didier Bouhassira, Djamel Chitour, and Daniel Le Bars. Involvement of the caudal medulla in negative feedback mechanisms triggered by spatial summation of nociceptive inputs. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 304–311, 1998. In the rat, applying noxious heat stimuli to the excitatory receptive fiel ...
On the Significance of Neuronal Giantism in Gastropods
... number; even in the opisthobranch/pulmonate line, the number of neurons (and the number of peripheral axons) increases with body size, in parallel with the striking increase in size of identified neurons (Coggeshall, 1967). But if, as has been argued, giant neurons are an adaptation for increased ar ...
... number; even in the opisthobranch/pulmonate line, the number of neurons (and the number of peripheral axons) increases with body size, in parallel with the striking increase in size of identified neurons (Coggeshall, 1967). But if, as has been argued, giant neurons are an adaptation for increased ar ...
Consciousness & Its Variants
... – Physical dependence – a condition in which a person’s body and brain have adapted to the drug • Tolerance – a state of needing more of the drug in question in order to achieve the original effect of the drug • Withdrawal symptoms – unpleasant physical reactions to the lack of a drug, along with in ...
... – Physical dependence – a condition in which a person’s body and brain have adapted to the drug • Tolerance – a state of needing more of the drug in question in order to achieve the original effect of the drug • Withdrawal symptoms – unpleasant physical reactions to the lack of a drug, along with in ...
HUMAN BRAIN EVOLUTION IN AN ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT^
... and Gould, 1974) results from the combination of these two trends ...
... and Gould, 1974) results from the combination of these two trends ...
Copy of the full paper
... and retrieval. However, plasticity and neuromodulation also have crucial roles in altering excitability in the brain and regulating behavioural states, such as the transitions between sleep and wakeful activity. Theoretical work is also needed to understand the computational consequences of these va ...
... and retrieval. However, plasticity and neuromodulation also have crucial roles in altering excitability in the brain and regulating behavioural states, such as the transitions between sleep and wakeful activity. Theoretical work is also needed to understand the computational consequences of these va ...
Parallel Evolution of Cortical Areas Involved in Skilled Hand Use
... forelimb morphology such as wings and hooves. Likewise, the human hand is a derivation of the forelimb that allows us to perform remarkable feats of manual precision (Mountcastle, 2005a). Interestingly, wings, hooves, and hands evolved independently from each other, but all originated from this high ...
... forelimb morphology such as wings and hooves. Likewise, the human hand is a derivation of the forelimb that allows us to perform remarkable feats of manual precision (Mountcastle, 2005a). Interestingly, wings, hooves, and hands evolved independently from each other, but all originated from this high ...
The Meninges and Blood Vessels of Brain and Spinal Cord, and the
... Position: lies between pia and arachnoid maters containing cerebrospinal fluid Terminal cistern 终池: the largest part of subarachnoid space extending from termination of spinal cord to level of S2, where it is occupied by nerves of cauda equina, so it is the best site for a lumbar ...
... Position: lies between pia and arachnoid maters containing cerebrospinal fluid Terminal cistern 终池: the largest part of subarachnoid space extending from termination of spinal cord to level of S2, where it is occupied by nerves of cauda equina, so it is the best site for a lumbar ...
The Meninges and Blood Vessels of Brain and Spinal Cord, and the
... Position: lies between pia and arachnoid maters containing cerebrospinal fluid Terminal cistern 终池: the largest part of subarachnoid space extending from termination of spinal cord to level of S2, where it is occupied by nerves of cauda equina, so it is the best site for a lumbar ...
... Position: lies between pia and arachnoid maters containing cerebrospinal fluid Terminal cistern 终池: the largest part of subarachnoid space extending from termination of spinal cord to level of S2, where it is occupied by nerves of cauda equina, so it is the best site for a lumbar ...
The Endocrine System
... system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. It allows for the voluntary control of our muscles. • Also called the skeletal nervous system. • Walking, running, and jumping- You are using your somatic nervous system. ...
... system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. It allows for the voluntary control of our muscles. • Also called the skeletal nervous system. • Walking, running, and jumping- You are using your somatic nervous system. ...
spinal cord
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
The Molecular and Neuroanatomical Basis for Estrogen Effects in
... This has happened despite studies over more than 30 yr indicating that estrogens target the brain of experimental animals (for summary, see Ref. 1). However, most of the animal studies have focused on estrogen actions on the hypothalamus affecting ovulation and reproductive behavior, and only recent ...
... This has happened despite studies over more than 30 yr indicating that estrogens target the brain of experimental animals (for summary, see Ref. 1). However, most of the animal studies have focused on estrogen actions on the hypothalamus affecting ovulation and reproductive behavior, and only recent ...
File
... On the inner surface of cranial bones, small pits called granular fovea are produced by the pressure of the arachnoid granulations. They are most common on either side of the sagittal suture. ...
... On the inner surface of cranial bones, small pits called granular fovea are produced by the pressure of the arachnoid granulations. They are most common on either side of the sagittal suture. ...
The epistemic value of brain-machine systems for the study of the
... In Section 4 I will bring the distinction between stimulation-connection and simulationreplacement methodology to bear on some claims recently made by Craver (2010) and Chirimuuta (2013) on the epistemic value of bionic systems. In particular, based on that distinction, I will show that Craver’s (20 ...
... In Section 4 I will bring the distinction between stimulation-connection and simulationreplacement methodology to bear on some claims recently made by Craver (2010) and Chirimuuta (2013) on the epistemic value of bionic systems. In particular, based on that distinction, I will show that Craver’s (20 ...
Lesser
... the cerebellum illustrates that the cerebellum has roughly the same surface area as a single cerebral hemisphere, even though when folded it takes up much less space. The size and complexity of the cerebellum indicate that it must play a crucial function. Cerebral hemispheres ...
... the cerebellum illustrates that the cerebellum has roughly the same surface area as a single cerebral hemisphere, even though when folded it takes up much less space. The size and complexity of the cerebellum indicate that it must play a crucial function. Cerebral hemispheres ...
Long thought to be solely the BRAIN`S COORDINATOR of body
... the cerebellum illustrates that the cerebellum has roughly the same surface area as a single cerebral hemisphere, even though when folded it takes up much less space. The size and complexity of the cerebellum indicate that it must play a crucial function. Cerebral hemispheres ...
... the cerebellum illustrates that the cerebellum has roughly the same surface area as a single cerebral hemisphere, even though when folded it takes up much less space. The size and complexity of the cerebellum indicate that it must play a crucial function. Cerebral hemispheres ...
Parkinsonian Treatments and L-Dopa vs. D
... high”, they feel rewarded for their actions, and therefore, continue to take the drug. Dopamine is the key neurotransmitter affected in Parkinson’s disease—a degenerative disorder that causes tremor and motor impairment. This degeneration is caused by the loss of dopaminesecreting neurons in the sub ...
... high”, they feel rewarded for their actions, and therefore, continue to take the drug. Dopamine is the key neurotransmitter affected in Parkinson’s disease—a degenerative disorder that causes tremor and motor impairment. This degeneration is caused by the loss of dopaminesecreting neurons in the sub ...
the anatomy and neurosecretory system of the
... stages in the evolution of mushroom bodies can be found in various species. Clark identifies three types of ganglion cell within the brain of ...
... stages in the evolution of mushroom bodies can be found in various species. Clark identifies three types of ganglion cell within the brain of ...
Bridging Rate Coding and Temporal Spike Coding
... intersynchronization intervals smooths out high-frequency information on S共t兲. On the other hand, the cortical neurons fire less synchronously as the noise increases (s $ 0.003). When the noise level is intermediate (s [ 关0.003, 0.008兴), the cortical neurons desynchronize and each neuron encodes a d ...
... intersynchronization intervals smooths out high-frequency information on S共t兲. On the other hand, the cortical neurons fire less synchronously as the noise increases (s $ 0.003). When the noise level is intermediate (s [ 关0.003, 0.008兴), the cortical neurons desynchronize and each neuron encodes a d ...
Evolutionary roots offreedom
... history of the species, as is the structure of the prefrontal cortex itself. In the human brain, the latter is tied to its evolutionary past and to the future it anticipates. Thus, while the human brain cannot predict evolution, it can predict the consequences of its actions, with them to predict an ...
... history of the species, as is the structure of the prefrontal cortex itself. In the human brain, the latter is tied to its evolutionary past and to the future it anticipates. Thus, while the human brain cannot predict evolution, it can predict the consequences of its actions, with them to predict an ...
animal_responses_to_the_environment
... Nerve impulses are conducted from the cell body along a single axon to the terminal branches. Ends of terminal branches do not touch the dendrites of the neurons in the spinal cord because of a gap. Ends of terminal branches of axons contain neurotransmitters which are released into the synapse when ...
... Nerve impulses are conducted from the cell body along a single axon to the terminal branches. Ends of terminal branches do not touch the dendrites of the neurons in the spinal cord because of a gap. Ends of terminal branches of axons contain neurotransmitters which are released into the synapse when ...
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.