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Brain Organization or, why everyone should have some
Brain Organization or, why everyone should have some

... The division of the nervous system into say the CNS and the PNS is really about anatomy  Nothing wrong with this, but the distinction is not as much about physiology  Physiologically we can talk about the cranial nervous system and the spinal nervous system ...
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... 2. Controls our emotions, movements, thinking and behavior 3. It is divided into 2 parts (Figure 6.1) a) Central Nervous System (CNS) i. Consists of the brain and spinal cord b) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) i. Smaller Branches of nerves that reach other parts of the body from the spinal cord (thi ...
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Slide () - Neurology Collection

... The major serotonergic systems in the brain arise in the raphe nuclei of the brain stem. Serotonin is synthesized in a group of brain stem nuclei called the raphe nuclei. These neurons project throughout the neuraxis, ranging from the forebrain to the spinal cord. The serotonergic projections are th ...
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______ 1

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... A region at the based of the brain that contains several structures that regulate basic life structures. Controls vital autonomic life functions such as breathing, circulation, digestion and heart rate. The medulla also controls a number of vital reflexes, such as swallowing, coughing, vomiting and ...
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Brain



The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.
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