Slide () - Access Emergency Medicine
... CYP2C9 and CYP1A9 to primary metabolites that retain affinity and ability to bind with cannabinoid receptors. One JWH-018 primary metabolite, acts as a antagonist at CB1. Secondary metabolites are formed by conjugation. These metabolites may retain ability to bind to cannabinoid receptors but at thi ...
... CYP2C9 and CYP1A9 to primary metabolites that retain affinity and ability to bind with cannabinoid receptors. One JWH-018 primary metabolite, acts as a antagonist at CB1. Secondary metabolites are formed by conjugation. These metabolites may retain ability to bind to cannabinoid receptors but at thi ...
International Journal of Phytopharmacology
... been developed into a wide range of formulations from conventional dosage forms for immediate release of the drug to controlled release dosage forms for the constant rate of drug release. Oral rouse is the most convenient and commonly used method of drug delivery. More than 50% of drug delivery syst ...
... been developed into a wide range of formulations from conventional dosage forms for immediate release of the drug to controlled release dosage forms for the constant rate of drug release. Oral rouse is the most convenient and commonly used method of drug delivery. More than 50% of drug delivery syst ...
Predicting drug pharmacokinetics in humans from in vitro
... the last decade have highlighted the importance of assessing the potential for inhibition [1] and induction of drug metabolism [2]. In addition, identification of the drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for the biotransformations commonly encountered in drug development may predict interindividual ...
... the last decade have highlighted the importance of assessing the potential for inhibition [1] and induction of drug metabolism [2]. In addition, identification of the drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for the biotransformations commonly encountered in drug development may predict interindividual ...
Tutorial - 5: Cardiovascular Drug Development: ACE inhibitors, Beta
... 30. The name of the compound (K) is ___________________________ and it’s a prodrug of ___________________________ which is used for the treatment of hypertension mainly in combination with _____________________diuretics. ...
... 30. The name of the compound (K) is ___________________________ and it’s a prodrug of ___________________________ which is used for the treatment of hypertension mainly in combination with _____________________diuretics. ...
Module One: The Family as a Dynamic System
... drugs within each class often produce similar effects. However, all controlled substances, regardless of class, share a number of common features. With the exception of anabolic steroids, drugs in the other classes are utilized to alter mood, thought, and feeling through their actions on the central ...
... drugs within each class often produce similar effects. However, all controlled substances, regardless of class, share a number of common features. With the exception of anabolic steroids, drugs in the other classes are utilized to alter mood, thought, and feeling through their actions on the central ...
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... • At the NMJ, N receptors Pentameric with four types of subunits, two a subunits bind ACh for ligand gating • All other nAChRs, including those at the peripheral ganglia, have 2 a’s and 3 b’s ...
... • At the NMJ, N receptors Pentameric with four types of subunits, two a subunits bind ACh for ligand gating • All other nAChRs, including those at the peripheral ganglia, have 2 a’s and 3 b’s ...
Chapter 14 Antihistamines, Nasal Decongestants, Expectorants, and
... • Ciclesonide, 7th newest nasal corticosteroid, indicated in the treatment of nasal symptoms of seasonal rhinitis in adults and children 6 years of age and older and nasal symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis in adults and children 12 years of age and older • When symptoms of seasonal or perennia ...
... • Ciclesonide, 7th newest nasal corticosteroid, indicated in the treatment of nasal symptoms of seasonal rhinitis in adults and children 6 years of age and older and nasal symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis in adults and children 12 years of age and older • When symptoms of seasonal or perennia ...
Done By: Sanaa Otoom Advanced Technology Lecture# 2 Last
... bioavailability we can use it. Solid solutions and solid dispersions: they enhance the dissolution rate of compounds and provide the drug in solution state but this molecular solution is not liquid in its overall it will be in solid state “drug in carrier will give solid solution, if this carrier is ...
... bioavailability we can use it. Solid solutions and solid dispersions: they enhance the dissolution rate of compounds and provide the drug in solution state but this molecular solution is not liquid in its overall it will be in solid state “drug in carrier will give solid solution, if this carrier is ...
Drugs Shatter Lives
... • Distorted sensory perception, impaired or slowed reflexes and/or a lack of physical coordination Paraphernalia Associated with Drug Use: • Coolers, insulated bags, flasks or any other item that can be used for concealing alcohol. • Look for liquor bottles or cans discarded near the drinker, or in ...
... • Distorted sensory perception, impaired or slowed reflexes and/or a lack of physical coordination Paraphernalia Associated with Drug Use: • Coolers, insulated bags, flasks or any other item that can be used for concealing alcohol. • Look for liquor bottles or cans discarded near the drinker, or in ...
What`s New on the Streets
... believed to be the indole alkaloids 7hydroxymitragynine and Mitragynine -7-hydroxymitragynine and Mitragynine are structurally similar to tryptamines -Their pharmacology is quite different, acting primarily as mu-opioid receptor agonists -Used as an analgesic for pain relief, antidiarrhea, mild stim ...
... believed to be the indole alkaloids 7hydroxymitragynine and Mitragynine -7-hydroxymitragynine and Mitragynine are structurally similar to tryptamines -Their pharmacology is quite different, acting primarily as mu-opioid receptor agonists -Used as an analgesic for pain relief, antidiarrhea, mild stim ...
The Truth about LSD
... “I ended up homeless and on the streets living and sleeping in a cardboard box by [the train] Station, begging and struggling to find ways to get my next meal.” ...
... “I ended up homeless and on the streets living and sleeping in a cardboard box by [the train] Station, begging and struggling to find ways to get my next meal.” ...
cholinergic drugs
... decomposes acetylcholine in the synapse and deactivates it. Cholinesterase is also distributed systemically in many tissues other than nerve synapses. Interestingly, a distinct enzyme called butyrylcholinesterase exists which is not inhibited by the usual organophosphate compounds. Anticholinergic a ...
... decomposes acetylcholine in the synapse and deactivates it. Cholinesterase is also distributed systemically in many tissues other than nerve synapses. Interestingly, a distinct enzyme called butyrylcholinesterase exists which is not inhibited by the usual organophosphate compounds. Anticholinergic a ...
Study protocol In English (download here)
... - Define the terms agonist, antagonist and partial agonist. - Explain the effect of antagonists on the dose–response curve of an agonist. - Explain the assessment of receptor selectivity. - Define the terms efficacy and potency. - Define the term ‘therapeutic index’. - Describe the phenomena of dese ...
... - Define the terms agonist, antagonist and partial agonist. - Explain the effect of antagonists on the dose–response curve of an agonist. - Explain the assessment of receptor selectivity. - Define the terms efficacy and potency. - Define the term ‘therapeutic index’. - Describe the phenomena of dese ...
pharmacokinetics
... Metabolism can occur before the drug reaches the blood as well as after it enters the main circulation (“presystemic” versus “systemic” metabolism) Hepatic (liver) metabolism – most important site - Wide variety and high activity of metabolic enzymes - Receives up to 1/5 of cardiac output (highl ...
... Metabolism can occur before the drug reaches the blood as well as after it enters the main circulation (“presystemic” versus “systemic” metabolism) Hepatic (liver) metabolism – most important site - Wide variety and high activity of metabolic enzymes - Receives up to 1/5 of cardiac output (highl ...
Drug Facts Sheet Opium
... Opium can be a liquid, solid, or powder, but most poppy straw concentrate is available commercially as a fine brownish powder. Methods of abuse Opium can be smoked, intravenously injected, or taken in pill form. Opium is also abused in combination with other drugs. For example, “Black” is a combinat ...
... Opium can be a liquid, solid, or powder, but most poppy straw concentrate is available commercially as a fine brownish powder. Methods of abuse Opium can be smoked, intravenously injected, or taken in pill form. Opium is also abused in combination with other drugs. For example, “Black” is a combinat ...
Key to Problems for Drug Design Courses (II)
... with a target, such as an enzyme, a cell membrane receptor, hormone, nuclear receptors and DNA, that is related to the disease state under investigation. 5. （a）Whole cell assays are preferred when the nature of the steps in the mechanism of the disease state have not been well defined. They also off ...
... with a target, such as an enzyme, a cell membrane receptor, hormone, nuclear receptors and DNA, that is related to the disease state under investigation. 5. （a）Whole cell assays are preferred when the nature of the steps in the mechanism of the disease state have not been well defined. They also off ...
Patient Education ESCITALOPRAM
... This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy; use caution while engaging in activities requiring alertness, such as driving or using machinery. Limit alcoholic beverages. Though these effects are uncommon, depression can lead to thoughts or attempts of suicide. Watch for any worsening of your condition, u ...
... This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy; use caution while engaging in activities requiring alertness, such as driving or using machinery. Limit alcoholic beverages. Though these effects are uncommon, depression can lead to thoughts or attempts of suicide. Watch for any worsening of your condition, u ...
How Alcohol Enters the Body
... The fetus tends to receive a higher concentration of alcohol, which lingers longer than in the mother’s system. The first trimester is crucial – this is when the brain is developing. The problem is, many women don’t realize they are pregnant. It is important for women to adopt healthy behaviors ...
... The fetus tends to receive a higher concentration of alcohol, which lingers longer than in the mother’s system. The first trimester is crucial – this is when the brain is developing. The problem is, many women don’t realize they are pregnant. It is important for women to adopt healthy behaviors ...
Therapy of systemic hypertension
... They are rapidly absorbed from GIT and can be given i.v. General characteristics 1-Efficacy: are the most potent diuretics. They are effective at low GFR even below 10 ml/minute. 2-Onset: They have rapid onset of action, ½ - 1 hour after oral administration and 5-10 min. following i.v. injection. 3- ...
... They are rapidly absorbed from GIT and can be given i.v. General characteristics 1-Efficacy: are the most potent diuretics. They are effective at low GFR even below 10 ml/minute. 2-Onset: They have rapid onset of action, ½ - 1 hour after oral administration and 5-10 min. following i.v. injection. 3- ...
Pharmacologyonline 1: 613-624 (2011) Thanigavelan et al.
... Yogam(Yoga), Gnanam or Thathuvam (Philosophy). Siddhars, spiritual scientists explored and explained the reality of nature and its relationship to man by their yogic awareness and experimental findings. They postulated the concept of spiritualism for self improvement. From that, the different practi ...
... Yogam(Yoga), Gnanam or Thathuvam (Philosophy). Siddhars, spiritual scientists explored and explained the reality of nature and its relationship to man by their yogic awareness and experimental findings. They postulated the concept of spiritualism for self improvement. From that, the different practi ...
Antidepressant_agents
... Have been used since the 1950’s but have a controversial past Has potential for serious side effects and potentially fatal interactions with other drugs and food MAO is one of two enzymes that break down neurotransmitters 5-HT and NE Two types MAO-A: inhibition causes antidepressant activity M ...
... Have been used since the 1950’s but have a controversial past Has potential for serious side effects and potentially fatal interactions with other drugs and food MAO is one of two enzymes that break down neurotransmitters 5-HT and NE Two types MAO-A: inhibition causes antidepressant activity M ...
ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF MELISSA PARVIFLORA IN
... neurological condition seen by neurologists. Incidence of epilepsy in developed countries is approximately 50 per 100, 000 while that of developing country is 100 per 100, 000[1].India is home to about 10 million people with epilepsy (prevalence of about 1%)[2]. The number of Epilepsy Specialists an ...
... neurological condition seen by neurologists. Incidence of epilepsy in developed countries is approximately 50 per 100, 000 while that of developing country is 100 per 100, 000[1].India is home to about 10 million people with epilepsy (prevalence of about 1%)[2]. The number of Epilepsy Specialists an ...
The Expanding Role of Microsomal Enzyme Induction, and Its
... enzyme induction are drugs and xenobiotics. Factors modulating the extent of enzyme induction by a given agent include age and nutrition, and wide species variations are encountered with different inducing agents. Markers for microsomal enzyme induction include determination of the plasma half-life ...
... enzyme induction are drugs and xenobiotics. Factors modulating the extent of enzyme induction by a given agent include age and nutrition, and wide species variations are encountered with different inducing agents. Markers for microsomal enzyme induction include determination of the plasma half-life ...
Drug interaction
A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance (usually another drug) affects the activity of a drug when both are administered together. This action can be synergistic (when the drug's effect is increased) or antagonistic (when the drug's effect is decreased) or a new effect can be produced that neither produces on its own. Typically, interactions between drugs come to mind (drug-drug interaction). However, interactions may also exist between drugs and foods (drug-food interactions), as well as drugs and medicinal plants or herbs (drug-plant interactions). People taking antidepressant drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors should not take food containing tyramine as hypertensive crisis may occur (an example of a drug-food interaction). These interactions may occur out of accidental misuse or due to lack of knowledge about the active ingredients involved in the relevant substances.It is therefore easy to see the importance of these pharmacological interactions in the practice of medicine. If a patient is taking two drugs and one of them increases the effect of the other it is possible that an overdose may occur. The interaction of the two drugs may also increase the risk that side effects will occur. On the other hand, if the action of a drug is reduced it may cease to have any therapeutic use because of under dosage. Notwithstanding the above, on occasion these interactions may be sought in order to obtain an improved therapeutic effect. Examples of this include the use of codeine with paracetamol to increase its analgesic effect. Or the combination of clavulanic acid with amoxicillin in order to overcome bacterial resistance to the antibiotic. It should also be remembered that there are interactions that, from a theoretical standpoint, may occur but in clinical practice have no important repercussions.The pharmaceutical interactions that are of special interest to the practice of medicine are primarily those that have negative effects for an organism. The risk that a pharmacological interaction will appear increases as a function of the number of drugs administered to a patient at the same time.It is possible that an interaction will occur between a drug and another substance present in the organism (i.e. foods or alcohol). Or in certain specific situations a drug may even react with itself, such as occurs with dehydration. In other situations, the interaction does not involve any effect on the drug. In certain cases, the presence of a drug in an individual's blood may affect certain types of laboratory analysis (analytical interference).It is also possible for interactions to occur outside an organism before administration of the drugs has taken place. This can occur when two drugs are mixed, for example, in a saline solution prior to intravenous injection. Some classic examples of this type of interaction include that Thiopentone and Suxamethonium should not be placed in the same syringe and same is true for Benzylpenicillin and Heparin. These situations will all be discussed under the same heading due to their conceptual similarity.Drug interactions may be the result of various processes. These processes may include alterations in the pharmacokinetics of the drug, such as alterations in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of a drug. Alternatively, drug interactions may be the result of the pharmacodynamic properties of the drug, e.g. the co-administration of a receptor antagonist and an agonist for the same receptor.