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Belarus, National Final, 2001 (PDF 149K).
Belarus, National Final, 2001 (PDF 149K).

... substances: hydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, silver nitrate, cesium hydroxide, and copper dichloride. The mass content of solute in each flask is 5%. a) Describe how you would identify each of these six substances using no other reagents (including indicators) or specialized l ...
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... catalyst overheating and so losing activity. This is the reason for the incoming reactants flowing over the outside of the catalyst chamber entering it. The Source of Reactants Nitrogen can be obtained from the atmosphere, so hydrogen is the ‘difficult’ or expensive reactant to obtain. In the labora ...
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... (A-) (often a conjugate pair) (1) which serves to keep the pH of a solution almost unaltered when small amounts of hydroxonium or hydroxide ion are added by reacting with these species. (1) Chemical equations should be given to represent these changes. (1) (ii) Let the volume of 10-3M benzoate (A-) ...
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Click chemistry

In chemical synthesis, click chemistry is generating substances quickly and reliably by joining small units together. Click chemistry is not a single specific reaction, but describes a way of generating products that follows examples in nature, which also generates substances by joining small modular units. The term was coined by K. Barry Sharpless in 1998, and was first fully described by Sharpless, Hartmuth Kolb, and M.G. Finn of The Scripps Research Institute in 2001.A desirable click chemistry reaction would: be modular be wide in scope give very high chemical yields generate only inoffensive byproducts be stereospecific be physiologically stable exhibit a large thermodynamic driving force (> 84 kJ/mol) to favor a reaction with a single reaction product. A distinct exothermic reaction makes a reactant ""spring-loaded"". have high atom economy.The process would preferably: have simple reaction conditions use readily available starting materials and reagents use no solvent or use a solvent that is benign or easily removed (preferably water) provide simple product isolation by non-chromatographic methods (crystallisation or distillation)↑ 1.0 1.1 ↑
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