Topic 7: Atomic and nuclear physics 7.1 The atom
... The set of wavelengths of light emitted by the atoms of the element is called its emission spectrum. The absorbed wavelengths (which equal the emitted wavelengths) make up the absorption spectrum. ...
... The set of wavelengths of light emitted by the atoms of the element is called its emission spectrum. The absorbed wavelengths (which equal the emitted wavelengths) make up the absorption spectrum. ...
Energy Band Review
... One additional property of each energy band is that there are N distinct k-states in each band for a finite crystal of N atoms. If the atoms contribute 2 electrons per atom to these states, then the first two energy bands are totally filled with higher energy bands vacant. Two important facts about ...
... One additional property of each energy band is that there are N distinct k-states in each band for a finite crystal of N atoms. If the atoms contribute 2 electrons per atom to these states, then the first two energy bands are totally filled with higher energy bands vacant. Two important facts about ...
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
... Up by material (absorption) and some is deflected from its original path to travel in a new direction (scattering). It should be noted that any effect of radiation on matter depends on how much energy that matter receives (absorbs) from the beam ...
... Up by material (absorption) and some is deflected from its original path to travel in a new direction (scattering). It should be noted that any effect of radiation on matter depends on how much energy that matter receives (absorbs) from the beam ...
A Thumbnail Review of Regents Chemistry
... Electronegativity = attraction for a pair of bonded electrons Ionization Energy = energy needed to remove a specific electron Metals: to the left of the staircase, including Al and Po. All solid except for Hg Metalloids: on the staircase: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At: fair conductors but brittle Non-Me ...
... Electronegativity = attraction for a pair of bonded electrons Ionization Energy = energy needed to remove a specific electron Metals: to the left of the staircase, including Al and Po. All solid except for Hg Metalloids: on the staircase: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At: fair conductors but brittle Non-Me ...
Modern Physics
... Modern Physics Dual Nature of Light Light exhibits wave phenomena as a light wave is propagated by interchange of energy between varying electric and magnetic fields (Maxwell) Light acts like particles composed of kinetic energy and momentum when light interacts with matter Both wave and parti ...
... Modern Physics Dual Nature of Light Light exhibits wave phenomena as a light wave is propagated by interchange of energy between varying electric and magnetic fields (Maxwell) Light acts like particles composed of kinetic energy and momentum when light interacts with matter Both wave and parti ...
powerpoint ch 5 notes electrons in atoms
... • Quantum – minimum amount of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom. ...
... • Quantum – minimum amount of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom. ...
lecture 10 (zipped power point)
... the photoelectrons carry some kinetic energy, K K range from 0 to a maximal value, Kmax As V becomes more and more positive, there are more electrons attracted towards the anode within a given time interval. Hence the current, I, increases with V Saturation of I will be achieved when all of the ejec ...
... the photoelectrons carry some kinetic energy, K K range from 0 to a maximal value, Kmax As V becomes more and more positive, there are more electrons attracted towards the anode within a given time interval. Hence the current, I, increases with V Saturation of I will be achieved when all of the ejec ...
Quantum Theory of the Atom
... B. Orbitals – describes the electron’s location 1. 2 electrons per orbital 2. s sublevel has 1 orbital (2 electrons total) 3. p sublevel has 3 orbital (6 electrons total) 4. d sublevel has 5 orbital (10 electrons total ) 5. f sublevel has 7 orbital (14 electrons total) Looking at the periodic table ...
... B. Orbitals – describes the electron’s location 1. 2 electrons per orbital 2. s sublevel has 1 orbital (2 electrons total) 3. p sublevel has 3 orbital (6 electrons total) 4. d sublevel has 5 orbital (10 electrons total ) 5. f sublevel has 7 orbital (14 electrons total) Looking at the periodic table ...
Quantum Mechanics
... • If electrons (and other particles) can act like waves, what else can they do? • They can setup standing waves – Waves with particular wavelength/frequency that appear to not be travelling ...
... • If electrons (and other particles) can act like waves, what else can they do? • They can setup standing waves – Waves with particular wavelength/frequency that appear to not be travelling ...
Photosynthesis Stores Energy in Organic Compounds
... energy-storing sugars each year Often, but not always glucose ...
... energy-storing sugars each year Often, but not always glucose ...
Photoelectric Effect
... electrons, or photoelectrons. If we make the This potential energy would be the initial collecting plate negative enough, the kinetic energy of the electrons. photoelectrons will be repelled back to the metal. To do so, we create a potential 8) Predict what will happen to the stopping difference bet ...
... electrons, or photoelectrons. If we make the This potential energy would be the initial collecting plate negative enough, the kinetic energy of the electrons. photoelectrons will be repelled back to the metal. To do so, we create a potential 8) Predict what will happen to the stopping difference bet ...
Section 1 Notes
... The energy of each emitted photon corresponds to a particular frequency of emitted radiation, Ephoton = hf Based on the wavelengths of hydrogen’s line-emission spectrum, Bohr calculated the energies that an electron would have in the allowed energy levels for the hydrogen atom. He then used these va ...
... The energy of each emitted photon corresponds to a particular frequency of emitted radiation, Ephoton = hf Based on the wavelengths of hydrogen’s line-emission spectrum, Bohr calculated the energies that an electron would have in the allowed energy levels for the hydrogen atom. He then used these va ...
NASC 1110
... The periodic law was first formulated by Dimitri Mendeleev of Russia in 1869. Predictions: unknown elements ...
... The periodic law was first formulated by Dimitri Mendeleev of Russia in 1869. Predictions: unknown elements ...
photoelectric effect
... When metal surfaces are exposed to electromagnetic radiation with sufficient energy they absorb the photons of energy and emit electrons. This process is called the photoelectric effect. ...
... When metal surfaces are exposed to electromagnetic radiation with sufficient energy they absorb the photons of energy and emit electrons. This process is called the photoelectric effect. ...
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition at the parts per thousand range, empirical formula, chemical state and electronic state of the elements that exist within a material. XPS spectra are obtained by irradiating a material with a beam of X-rays while simultaneously measuring the kinetic energy and number of electrons that escape from the top 0 to 10 nm of the material being analyzed. XPS requires high vacuum (P ~ 10−8 millibar) or ultra-high vacuum (UHV; P < 10−9 millibar) conditions, although a current area of development is ambient-pressure XPS, in which samples are analyzed at pressures of a few tens of millibar.XPS is a surface chemical analysis technique that can be used to analyze the surface chemistry of a material in its as-received state, or after some treatment, for example: fracturing, cutting or scraping in air or UHV to expose the bulk chemistry, ion beam etching to clean off some or all of the surface contamination (with mild ion etching) or to intentionally expose deeper layers of the sample (with more extensive ion etching) in depth-profiling XPS, exposure to heat to study the changes due to heating, exposure to reactive gases or solutions, exposure to ion beam implant, exposure to ultraviolet light.XPS is also known as ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis), an abbreviation introduced by Kai Siegbahn's research group to emphasize the chemical (rather than merely elemental) information that the technique provides.In principle XPS detects all elements. In practice, using typical laboratory-scale X-ray sources, XPS detects all elements with an atomic number (Z) of 3 (lithium) and above. It cannot easily detect hydrogen (Z = 1) or helium (Z = 2).Detection limits for most of the elements (on a modern instrument) are in the parts per thousand range. Detection limits of parts per million (ppm) are possible, but require special conditions: concentration at top surface or very long collection time (overnight).XPS is routinely used to analyze inorganic compounds, metal alloys, semiconductors, polymers, elements, catalysts, glasses, ceramics, paints, papers, inks, woods, plant parts, make-up, teeth, bones, medical implants, bio-materials, viscous oils, glues, ion-modified materials and many others.XPS is less routinely used to analyze the hydrated forms of some of the above materials by freezing the samples in their hydrated state in an ultra pure environment, and allowing or causing multilayers of ice to sublime away prior to analysis. Such hydrated XPS analysis allows hydrated sample structures, which may be different from vacuum-dehydrated sample structures, to be studied in their more relevant as-used hydrated structure. Many bio-materials such as hydrogels are examples of such samples.