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... The respiratory chain (or electron transport chain, or oxidative phosphorylation) is an unusual metabolic pathway in that it takes place within the inner mitochondrial membrane, using integral membrane proteins. These proteins form four huge trans-membrane complexes called complexes I, II, III and I ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... (3) Electron Transport Chain • The ETC is a series of proteins located in the mitochondrial membrane. • It uses high energy electrons from the NADH and FADH2 provided by the Krebs Cycle to move H+(protons) across the concentration gradient. • These protons pass back down the concentration gradient ...
Concept Map – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Concept Map – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

... make food (glucose) ...
Energy and Living Systems
Energy and Living Systems

... Cell Respiration is exergonic: Burns food substances (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins) to form ATP and heat. Burning wood and fuel is exergonic burns carbon skeletons to form light and heat. Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body, both endergonic and exergonic. Cell reactions re ...
Photorespiration- Competing against photosynthesis
Photorespiration- Competing against photosynthesis

... Xerophytic plants- (can withstand hot, dry conditions) have modification that allows concentration of CO2 Normally hot weather causes plants to close stomata, which lowers internal [CO2], which favors photorespiration because of Km of RUBISCO ...
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP

... • Organisms get their energy in different ways – why is this a good thing? What would happen if all organisms got their energy in the same way? • If all organisms got their energy in the same way, energy would move in a linear fashion eventually being completely changed into an unusable form. Energy ...
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k - upatras eclass - Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών

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Energy For Movement - Illinois Wesleyan University

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Consortium for Educational Communication

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... Which molecule forms when glucose is broken in half? Pyruvic acid What is the other name for Krebs cycle? Citric acid cycle What happens to CO2, produced during the Krebs cycle? Goes into the atmosphere What is the final electron acceptor at the end of Electron Transport? oxygen What happens to the ...
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... including ATP. AN excited electron jumps to a nearby molecule in the thylakoid membrane • Then the electron is passed through a series of molecules along the thylakoid membrane like a ball being passed down a line of people. The series of molecules through which excited electrons are passed along a ...
2015
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... C) is essential in the conversion of fatty acids to glucose. D) requires the enzyme hexokinase. E) can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose. Circle the correct answer. 18. [4 points] Fill in the blanks in the following sentences: The product of the enzyme PFK-2 is the molecule ____ ...
PHYSICAL SETTING CHEMISTRY
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... Statement B: Atoms of one element cannot be changed into atoms of another element. Statement C: All atoms of one element have the same mass. 66 Explain, in terms of particles, why statement A is no longer accepted. [1] 67 The decay of N-16 is represented by the balanced equation below. ...
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... 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3] b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic fun ...
∙ ∙B x
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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