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Sample PDF
Sample PDF

... with the 5’ end at the left. Hence a stretch of DNA sequence might be written 5’ATAAGCTC-3’ or even just ATAAGCTC. An RNA sequence might be 5’AUAGCUUG-3’. Note that the directionally of the chain means that, for example, ATAAG is not the same as GAATA. ...
Organelle speed dating game
Organelle speed dating game

... DNA A DNA molecule contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction. In eukaryotes, DNA is found inside the nucleus. In prokaryotes it is found it is in the cytoplas ...
Genetics Open Ended Questions
Genetics Open Ended Questions

... introduce desirable traits into organisms. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest. The introduction of new DNA does not require the use of classical genetic methods, however traditional breeding methods are typically used for the propagation of r ...
GENETICS OF BACTERIA AND VIRUSES. BIOTECHNOLOGY
GENETICS OF BACTERIA AND VIRUSES. BIOTECHNOLOGY

... • Transposons (Tn) – Definition: Elements that carry other genes except those involved in transposition – Nomenclature - Tn10 – Transposons can move from one site in a DNA molecule to other target sites in the same or a different DNA molecule. – Structure IS ...
3 - socesbio.c…
3 - socesbio.c…

... INTRONS. There are 5 introns in the mRNA strand. They follow one of two patterns: UAUGCGCGG or UAUGCGGCCCUA. . You must find all FIVE and put a single line through them (see left), because they are not used in making the proteins. 5. mRNA codon  Amino Acid: With this done, you should have sets of 3 ...
1 - socesbio.c…
1 - socesbio.c…

... INTRONS. There are 5 introns in the mRNA strand. They follow one of two patterns: UAUGCGCGG or UAUGCGGCCCUA. . You must find all FIVE and put a single line through them (see left), because they are not used in making the proteins. 5. mRNA codon  Amino Acid: With this done, you should have sets of 3 ...
04 Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses. Biotechnology
04 Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses. Biotechnology

... • Transposons (Tn) – Definition: Elements that carry other genes except those involved in transposition – Nomenclature - Tn10 – Transposons can move from one site in a DNA molecule to other target sites in the same or a different DNA molecule. – Structure IS ...
dna replication
dna replication

... • Topoisomerase - helps with prevention of DNA strand twisting - ‘swivels’ – Two types • Type I - Break one strand only and then rejoin • Type II - Break both strands and then rejoin ...
Practical Applications of DNA Technology
Practical Applications of DNA Technology

... purpose; certain applications require the use of plant or animal cultures. 3. Cloned genes are stored in DNA libraries A. Two major sources of DNA which can be inserted into vectors and clones: 1. DNA isolated directly from an organism  Contains all genes including the gene of interest  Genomic li ...
Q1 Explain the mechanisms by which a bacterium may become
Q1 Explain the mechanisms by which a bacterium may become

Gene Expression and DNA Replication
Gene Expression and DNA Replication

... • When cells divide, each daughter cell must receive an accurate copy of the genetic information. DNA replication is the process in which each chromosome is duplicated before cell division. ...
Curtis, MD and Grossniklaus, U. (2003) A gateway cloning vector set
Curtis, MD and Grossniklaus, U. (2003) A gateway cloning vector set

... DNA isolation and Southern blot analysis. DNA isolation was carried out as previously described (Keb-Llanes et al. 2002) with some modifications. A mid-log phase culture (15 mL) was harvested by centrifugation at 3,000 X g for 5 min. The pellet was resuspended in 400 μL extraction buffer A without p ...
lecture-3-techniques-of-molecular-biology
lecture-3-techniques-of-molecular-biology

... Amplifying DNA fragments Hybridization techniques ...
DNA - NRF IR Repository
DNA - NRF IR Repository

... well as in other cellular organelles like the mitochodria in animals and chloroplasts in plants. DNA is the biological code that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms. This code is divided up into different regions called genes. Products th ...
Teacher`s Name: ___Julie
Teacher`s Name: ___Julie

... 2014-15 LESSON “SNAPSHOT” Teacher’s Name: B. Dunn Course Title and Periods Taught: Bio B – 4th ...
DNA Puzzle Paragraph
DNA Puzzle Paragraph

... DNA Puzzle Paragraph DNA is the fundamental genetic material of all types of ______________. DNA is a completely informational molecule, in that it stores the information needed to produce the ______________and enzymes necessary for all of the metabolic pathways found in an organism. In this lesson, ...
Document
Document

... a. pulled toward that end by gravity. b. attracted to complementary DNA fragments at that end of the gel. c. attracted to the positively charged end of the gel. d. repelled by hydrophobic molecules at the other end of the gel. _____ 3. The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting can be increased by comparing ...
Basic Principles of Protein Chemistry
Basic Principles of Protein Chemistry

... Insert of β-galactosidase gene with an EcoRI restriction enzyme site in it ...
Szerkezetvizsgálati módszerek a biofizikában_2016_opt_mikr_1
Szerkezetvizsgálati módszerek a biofizikában_2016_opt_mikr_1

DNA
DNA

... cleave a sample of DNA into an assortment of fragments. Solutions containing these fragments are placed at the surface of a gel to which an electric current is applied. The electric current causes the DNA fragments to move through the gel. Because smaller fragments move more quickly than larger ones ...
Plasmid
Plasmid

... Bt is a bacterial toxin that is toxic to some insects. In the lab, the gene that produces the toxic effect is inserted into the DNA of plants Bt crops produce an insecticide protein thousands of times more powerful than the chemical spray ...
Protein
Protein

...  Protein is released into the cell ...
Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells
Ectopic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells

Rna guided notes
Rna guided notes

Mechanism of Surface Stress due to DNA strands on Gold
Mechanism of Surface Stress due to DNA strands on Gold

... • Usually about 20 nucleotides in length • Designed to flank the region to be amplified ...
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Molecular cloning



Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA. Molecular cloning methods are central to many contemporary areas of modern biology and medicine.In a conventional molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to generate smaller DNA fragments. Subsequently, these fragments are then combined with vector DNA to generate recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of E. coli bacteria). This will generate a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are transgenic or genetically modified microorganisms (GMO). This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large amount of bacteria, each of which contain copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as ""clones"". Strictly speaking, recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules, while molecular cloning refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them.
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