The Auditory System
... nuclei, the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body (MGB) to the contralateral auditory cortex on the dorsal surface of the superior temporal gyrus. Each MGB is bilaterally innervated, so that each hemisphere receives cochlear input bilaterally. All of the components of the auditory pathw ...
... nuclei, the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body (MGB) to the contralateral auditory cortex on the dorsal surface of the superior temporal gyrus. Each MGB is bilaterally innervated, so that each hemisphere receives cochlear input bilaterally. All of the components of the auditory pathw ...
The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates
... Two eye fields have been identified in the frontal lobes of primates: one is situated dorsomedially within the frontal cortex and will be referred to as the eye field within the dorsomedial frontal cortex ŽDMFC.; the other resides dorsolaterally within the frontal cortex and is commonly referred to ...
... Two eye fields have been identified in the frontal lobes of primates: one is situated dorsomedially within the frontal cortex and will be referred to as the eye field within the dorsomedial frontal cortex ŽDMFC.; the other resides dorsolaterally within the frontal cortex and is commonly referred to ...
Spike-based Winner-Take-All Computation in a Multi
... anatomical data as follows: superficial pyramidal cells receive input from subcortical areas, as well as from other intra- and interareal excitatory sources. Horizontal inhibitory cells ensure that the local input is decoded consistently with the interpretation of other intra- and inter-areal networ ...
... anatomical data as follows: superficial pyramidal cells receive input from subcortical areas, as well as from other intra- and interareal excitatory sources. Horizontal inhibitory cells ensure that the local input is decoded consistently with the interpretation of other intra- and inter-areal networ ...
Effort and Valuation in the Brain
... action choice. To discover whether brain areas represent effort and outcome valence together or if they represent one but not the other, we examined these variables in an explicitly orthogonal way. We did this by asking human subjects to exert one of two levels of effort to improve their chances of ...
... action choice. To discover whether brain areas represent effort and outcome valence together or if they represent one but not the other, we examined these variables in an explicitly orthogonal way. We did this by asking human subjects to exert one of two levels of effort to improve their chances of ...
The medial geniculate, not the amygdala, as the root of auditory fear
... the lateral nucleus of the amygdala.] 3.3. Experimental support for the AMYG model The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; LeDoux, 1990, 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 2000; LeDoux and Muller, 1997; Maren, 2001; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005 ...
... the lateral nucleus of the amygdala.] 3.3. Experimental support for the AMYG model The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; LeDoux, 1990, 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 2000; LeDoux and Muller, 1997; Maren, 2001; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005 ...
Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement
... may contribute to a variety of functions, including motor planning, working memory, and visual perception, as is suggested by lesion and recording studies. Ablation or reversible inactivation of the FEF or other prefrontal regions profoundly disrupts movements made toward remembered stimuli and also ...
... may contribute to a variety of functions, including motor planning, working memory, and visual perception, as is suggested by lesion and recording studies. Ablation or reversible inactivation of the FEF or other prefrontal regions profoundly disrupts movements made toward remembered stimuli and also ...
Hikosaka O - lsr
... The proposed role of the habenula in the regulation of sleep may be achieved through the influence of the habenula on serotonin neurons28, whereas its control of sleep-associated atonia may be mediated by descending circuits in the brainstem, possibly via the RMTg, without the involvement of seroton ...
... The proposed role of the habenula in the regulation of sleep may be achieved through the influence of the habenula on serotonin neurons28, whereas its control of sleep-associated atonia may be mediated by descending circuits in the brainstem, possibly via the RMTg, without the involvement of seroton ...
IMAGERY PERSPECTIVE AND MEMORY RECALL 1 Accepted for
... used externally generated images (e.g. Jackson et al., 2006). When participants were shown video clips of hand and foot actions, either from a first-person- or a third-person perspective, more activity was shown in the left sensory-motor cortex when viewing the video clips from a first-person perspe ...
... used externally generated images (e.g. Jackson et al., 2006). When participants were shown video clips of hand and foot actions, either from a first-person- or a third-person perspective, more activity was shown in the left sensory-motor cortex when viewing the video clips from a first-person perspe ...
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release
... motoneurons (Baldelli and others 1999). These channel types are known to contribute to fast synaptic transmission at excitatory hippocampal synapses (Gasparini and others 2001). Taken together, these observations suggest that Ca2+ channels known to be involved in neurotransmitter release at small ce ...
... motoneurons (Baldelli and others 1999). These channel types are known to contribute to fast synaptic transmission at excitatory hippocampal synapses (Gasparini and others 2001). Taken together, these observations suggest that Ca2+ channels known to be involved in neurotransmitter release at small ce ...
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates
... ganglia (938), and intestinal smooth muscle ( 176). The main considerations that led Eccles (370) to change his views and adopt the chemical hypothesis are essentially summarized by these two questions: How can a minute nerve ending generate enough current to excite the much larger postsynaptic cell ...
... ganglia (938), and intestinal smooth muscle ( 176). The main considerations that led Eccles (370) to change his views and adopt the chemical hypothesis are essentially summarized by these two questions: How can a minute nerve ending generate enough current to excite the much larger postsynaptic cell ...
Author`s personal copy - Vanderbilt University
... Glaucoma is a common optic neuropathy with a complex etiology often linked to sensitivity to intraocular pressure. Though the precise mechanisms that mediate or transduce this sensitivity are not clear, the axon of the retinal ganglion cell appears to be vulnerable to disease-relevant stressors earl ...
... Glaucoma is a common optic neuropathy with a complex etiology often linked to sensitivity to intraocular pressure. Though the precise mechanisms that mediate or transduce this sensitivity are not clear, the axon of the retinal ganglion cell appears to be vulnerable to disease-relevant stressors earl ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... at dendro-dendritic synapses. Despite strong evidence to support this interpretation [23,24,26,55,69,72], this is not fully consistent with anatomical data given that dendro-dendritic synapses [77 –79] are absent in DA dendrite-rich SNr [78] and are relatively rare in SNc and VTA [78]. Moreover, Pic ...
... at dendro-dendritic synapses. Despite strong evidence to support this interpretation [23,24,26,55,69,72], this is not fully consistent with anatomical data given that dendro-dendritic synapses [77 –79] are absent in DA dendrite-rich SNr [78] and are relatively rare in SNc and VTA [78]. Moreover, Pic ...
What in sleep is for memory
... states (REM sleep and NREM sleep) with memory is much more complicated. Attempts to shed light on this issue have been made mainly by means of two approaches: (1) the analysis of changes in the amount of sleep state following intensive learning; and (2) the analysis of memory performance after sleep ...
... states (REM sleep and NREM sleep) with memory is much more complicated. Attempts to shed light on this issue have been made mainly by means of two approaches: (1) the analysis of changes in the amount of sleep state following intensive learning; and (2) the analysis of memory performance after sleep ...
Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... elevator costae, and abdominal muscles. Although they are often classified as “accessory” respiratory muscles, they play an important role since they stiffen the rib cage and thus determine the efficiency of the diaphragm contractions. Thirdly, the upper airway muscles such as the laryngeal, pharyng ...
... elevator costae, and abdominal muscles. Although they are often classified as “accessory” respiratory muscles, they play an important role since they stiffen the rib cage and thus determine the efficiency of the diaphragm contractions. Thirdly, the upper airway muscles such as the laryngeal, pharyng ...
The Spinal Interneurons and Properties of
... projects toward the brain on the opposite side but also branches to project at least a short distance toward the tail (Fig. 2 A) (Roberts and Sillar, 1990; Li et al., 2001). EPSPs were examined for 15 neuron pairs in which the anatomy of presynaptic RB neurons and postsynaptic dlc interneurons was c ...
... projects toward the brain on the opposite side but also branches to project at least a short distance toward the tail (Fig. 2 A) (Roberts and Sillar, 1990; Li et al., 2001). EPSPs were examined for 15 neuron pairs in which the anatomy of presynaptic RB neurons and postsynaptic dlc interneurons was c ...
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
... Three different isoforms of Na⫹ channels, which drive the ascending phase of the action potential, are present at the AIS, namely, Nav1.1, Nav1.2, and Nav1.6. Nav1.1 is dominant at the AIS of GABAergic neurons (394), but it is also found in the AIS of retinal ganglion cells (542) and in spinal cord ...
... Three different isoforms of Na⫹ channels, which drive the ascending phase of the action potential, are present at the AIS, namely, Nav1.1, Nav1.2, and Nav1.6. Nav1.1 is dominant at the AIS of GABAergic neurons (394), but it is also found in the AIS of retinal ganglion cells (542) and in spinal cord ...
Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
Fluctuations in Perceptual Decisions Panagiota Theodoni
... sensory stimulation from the conscious visual perception, and therefore providing a gateway to consciousness. How does the brain work when it deals with such ambiguous sensory stimuli? We addressed this question theoretically by employing a biophysically realistic attractor network, by consistently ...
... sensory stimulation from the conscious visual perception, and therefore providing a gateway to consciousness. How does the brain work when it deals with such ambiguous sensory stimuli? We addressed this question theoretically by employing a biophysically realistic attractor network, by consistently ...
Document
... If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action potential Incorrect: An action potential refers to a s ...
... If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action potential Incorrect: An action potential refers to a s ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... showed that GR neurons utilize the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel to sense glucose. That is, similar to the pancreatic b-cell, rising glucose levels increase the intracellular ATP to ADP ratio and close the KATP channel. This depolarizes the b-cell and activates voltage-sensitive calcium channels t ...
... showed that GR neurons utilize the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel to sense glucose. That is, similar to the pancreatic b-cell, rising glucose levels increase the intracellular ATP to ADP ratio and close the KATP channel. This depolarizes the b-cell and activates voltage-sensitive calcium channels t ...
Transitional Probabilities Are Prioritized over Stimulus/Pattern
... low-probability tones because none of the deviants include sounds that would not also appear with at least 0.33 probability in the standard triplet. However, previous studies showed that deviance detection is based on low-probability patterns rather than individual stimuli when the repeated pattern ...
... low-probability tones because none of the deviants include sounds that would not also appear with at least 0.33 probability in the standard triplet. However, previous studies showed that deviance detection is based on low-probability patterns rather than individual stimuli when the repeated pattern ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... It is widely held belief that neural spiking is not very reliable, and that there is a lot of variability in neuronal responses (Fig . 3.13A). Populations of neuron can rapidly convey information in a ne ural network (Fig. 3.13B). ...
... It is widely held belief that neural spiking is not very reliable, and that there is a lot of variability in neuronal responses (Fig . 3.13A). Populations of neuron can rapidly convey information in a ne ural network (Fig. 3.13B). ...
Full Article
... and they were manifested by well-defined varicosities apparently lying directly on the apposed neuron. To be considered apposed by an axon, a neuron needed to exhibit only one, well-characterized, axonal varicosity on its soma or one of its dendrites. We inferred the existence of synapses by close a ...
... and they were manifested by well-defined varicosities apparently lying directly on the apposed neuron. To be considered apposed by an axon, a neuron needed to exhibit only one, well-characterized, axonal varicosity on its soma or one of its dendrites. We inferred the existence of synapses by close a ...