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Biological Foundations of Behavior
Biological Foundations of Behavior

...  Gray matter decreases as white matter increases in ...
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin Behavioral Neuroscience The
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin Behavioral Neuroscience The

... activity levels.  When hearing words, for example, auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area are the most active. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ...
Origins of language: A conspiracy theory
Origins of language: A conspiracy theory

... somehow predetermines the synapses between neurons. In neural networks, representational innateness is achieved by hand-wiring the network and setting the weights prior to learning. At least some of the discussion regarding the origins of language appear to assume that representational innateness is ...
Seeds of Dementia
Seeds of Dementia

... Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, all evidence suggests, are not contagious like mad cow or, for that matter, the flu. Rather the significance of these recent findings is that they provide scientists with a prime suspect for a slew of devastating brain disorders—a signpost that points toward a pathway f ...
Taste & Smell Pre-lab Web questions
Taste & Smell Pre-lab Web questions

... 8.Describe the path odor molecules take from inhalation to behavior. • Odor molecules entering the nose are thought to be recognized by receptors found in cilia of olfactory neurons. • Neurons with specific receptors are arranged randomly within zones in the olfactory lining of the nasal cavity. • ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... – prevents apoptosis (programmed cell death) in growing neurons – enables growing neurons to make contact with their target cells ...
Distinct Isoforms of the RFX Transcription Factor DAF
Distinct Isoforms of the RFX Transcription Factor DAF

... RFX proteins belong to the winged-helix family of transcription factors. They are defined by a 76-amino acid DNAbinding domain and are present in many eukaryotes. The genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Caenorhabditis elegans each harbor one RFX gene, Drosophila conta ...
The Brain and Spinal Cord
The Brain and Spinal Cord

... The top of the spinal cord merges with the brain stem, where the basic processes of life are controlled, such as breathing and digestion. In the opposite direction, the spinal cord ends just below the ribscontrary to what we might expect, it does not extend all the way to the base of the spine. The ...
Modulation of Synaptic Transmission to Second
Modulation of Synaptic Transmission to Second

... The caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (cNTS), where peripheral chemoreceptor afferents and other visceral afferents make their first central synapses (Mifflin, 1992), has intense anatomical connections with central noradrenergic neural structures (Loewy, 1990). The cNTS also contains noradrenergic n ...
Biological Perspective Studies
Biological Perspective Studies

... themselves by pressing the lever. The results indicate that various places exist in the brain "where electrical stimulation is rewarding in the sense that the experimental animal will stimulate itself in these places frequently and regularly for long periods of time if permitted to do so." The rewar ...
Unit 3 Summary
Unit 3 Summary

... The ANS is different from the somatic nervous system because the somatic nervous system initiates or causes movement or change (in skeletal muscles), whereas the ANS modifies and changes the activities of muscles, organs and glands to meet whatever demands face the body at the time. While most chang ...
Activity-Dependent Regulation of Potassium Currents in an
Activity-Dependent Regulation of Potassium Currents in an

... Golowasch, E. Marder, and L.F. Abbott, unpublished data). The type of neuronal plasticity we report in this paper may act as a driving force for this variability by linking the conductances of a neuron to its recent history of activity. Under physiological conditions, neurons of the STG are rhythmic ...
differentiation of brain vesicles
differentiation of brain vesicles

... sensory neurons of the trigeminal system? 15) Describe the hypothesis for how the somatosensory and visual system pathways to the midbrain and forebrain evolved to become predominantly crossed. 16) What is the meaning of the term “pons”? (See the end of chapter 5.) What is a major input, and what is ...
Do Antipsychotic Drugs Change Brain Structure?
Do Antipsychotic Drugs Change Brain Structure?

... misunderstand such research, arguing that brain changes prove that antipsychotic drugs are dangerous and should not be used. On the contrary, this research is very important and may eventually led to better and more effective medications. Furthermore, many drugs known to be effective in other brain ...
Use of a Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus to
Use of a Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus to

... glycoproteins that carry covalently bound large, unbranched polymers composed of ~20--200 repeating heparin/heparan sulfate disaccharide units, which are usually attached to the core proteins through a serine residue and characteristic carbohydrate linkage regions. It appears that the HSPGs can regu ...
The Teenage Brain - Model High School
The Teenage Brain - Model High School

... Computers are made of metal and use electricity to process information. Brains are made of organic cells and use a mix of electrical signals and chemicals to process information. If one part of a computer breaks it can do almost nothing. If one part of your brain gets damaged only certain things are ...
Lesson #M1: How Your Brain Thinks Thoughts Time: 50 minutes
Lesson #M1: How Your Brain Thinks Thoughts Time: 50 minutes

...  The neurons in your brain are connected in a dense network, like a web. These cells communicate with each other.  Each neuron is connected to between one and one million other cells. Overall in your brain, there are over a trillion connections.  When you have a thought, it sends a signal from on ...
This is Your Brain. This Is How It Works.
This is Your Brain. This Is How It Works.

... order to break them into smaller pieces. On one of these instances, the detonation occurred prior to his expectations, resulting in a 42 inch long, 1.2 inch wide, metal rod to be blown right up through his skull and out the top. The rod entered his skull below his left cheek bone and exited after pa ...
Nervous System Educator`s Guide
Nervous System Educator`s Guide

... Jim is a climate scientist working in his office. At the moment, he is working on design refinements for measuring CO2. Suddenly the fire alarm goes off. He’s startled. His heart starts racing. Blood pressure goes up. He feels weak. Within a few seconds somehow it all comes back to normal. His sense ...
Biological Psychology Basic Structure of a Neuron 1. What are the
Biological Psychology Basic Structure of a Neuron 1. What are the

... 1. What are the two basic types of cells in the nervous system? Neurons and Glial Cells a. Cells that process incoming signals and respond by sending out signals of their own and are considered the basic building blocks of the brain’s anatomy are called neurons b. Cells that aid in the transferring ...
Insights into Rapid Modulation of Neuroplasticity by Brain Estrogens
Insights into Rapid Modulation of Neuroplasticity by Brain Estrogens

... focusing on synapse structure and function; and 4) explore the cellular mechanisms and pathways that potentially underlie estrogen-induced neuroplasticity in excitatory neurons. By use of this body of literature, we will attempt to establish a model by which estrogenic modulation of neuroplasticity ...
cogsci200
cogsci200

... Each region encompasses a cortical surface area of roughly 2 mm2 and possesses a total of about 200,000 neurons. ...
Drug-Induced Psychosis and Schizophrenia
Drug-Induced Psychosis and Schizophrenia

... neurological process), the oligodendroglia (cells that wrap, sheet-like, to form the myelin sheath), and interstitial neurons (these are cells that exist in the cortical sub-plate, which serves as a transition point for the development of the cerebral cortex. They somehow outlive the scheduled cell- ...
166 - UCSF Physiology - University of California, San Francisco
166 - UCSF Physiology - University of California, San Francisco

... in long-term potentiation (LTP). Deletion of ␤1 integrin at a later postnatal stage also impaired LTP but not synaptic responses to HFS. Thus, the ␤1-class integrins appear to play distinct roles at different stages of synaptic development, critical for the proper maturation of readily releasable po ...
Correlated neuronal activity and the flow of neural information
Correlated neuronal activity and the flow of neural information

... interacting subsystems. Higher brain functions depend upon effective processing and integration of information in this network. This raises the question how functional interactions between different brain areas take place, and how such interactions may be changed in different types of pathology. ...
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Activity-dependent plasticity

A defining feature of the brain is its capacity to undergo changes based on activity-dependent functions, also called activity-dependent plasticity. Its ability to remodel itself forms the basis of the brain’s capacity to retain memories, improve motor function, and enhance comprehension and speech amongst other things. It is this trait to retain and form memories that is functionally linked to plasticity and therefore many of the functions individuals perform on a daily basis. This plasticity is the result of changed gene expression that occurs because of organized cellular mechanisms.The brain’s ability to adapt toward active functions has allowed humans to specialize in specific processes based on relative use and activity. For example, a right-handed person may perform any movement poorly with his/her left hand but continuous practice with the less dominant hand can make both hands just as able. Another example is if someone was born with a neurological disorder such as autism or had a stroke that resulted in a disorder, then they are capable of retrieving much of their lost function by practicing and “rewiring” the brain in order to incorporate these lost manners. Thanks to the pioneers within this field, many of these advances have become available to most people and many more will continue to arrive as new features of plasticity are discovered.
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