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Yaprak, A. (2008). Culture study in international marketing: A critical
Yaprak, A. (2008). Culture study in international marketing: A critical

... last two decades. The topic of evolution of the marketing organization was reviewed. This he author discusses two such forms, the marketing exchange company and the marketing coalition company. This journal was important for research because it provided discussions and findings about the marketing e ...
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... needs and will respond similarly to a marketing action. Product positioning - refers to the place an offering occupies in consumers’ minds on important attributes relative to competitive products. Product repositioning - changing the place an offering occupies in a consumer’s mind relative to compet ...
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< 1 ... 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 ... 483 >

Multi-level marketing

Multi-Level Marketing (MLM) is a marketing strategy in which the sales force is compensated not only for sales they generate, but also for the sales of the other salespeople that they recruit. This recruited sales force is referred to as the participant's ""downline"", and can provide multiple levels of compensation. Other terms used for MLM include pyramid selling, network marketing, and referral marketing. According to the US FTC, some MLM companies constitute illegal pyramid schemes which exploit members of the organization.MLM is one type of direct selling. Most commonly, the salespeople are expected to sell products directly to consumers by means of relationship referrals and word of mouth marketing. MLM salespeople not only sell the company's products but also encourage others to join the company as a distributor.Companies that use MLM models for compensation have been a frequent subject of criticism and lawsuits. Criticism has focused on their similarity to illegal pyramid schemes, price fixing of products, high initial entry costs (for marketing kit and first products), emphasis on recruitment of others over actual sales, encouraging if not requiring members to purchase and use the company's products, exploitation of personal relationships as both sales and recruiting targets, complex and exaggerated compensation schemes, the company and/or leading distributors making major money off training events and materials, and cult-like techniques which some groups use to enhance their members' enthusiasm and devotion.
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